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KATHLEEN GRAVES’
DESIGNING LANGUAGE COURSES 2002
PENNY UR’S
A COURSE
IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING 2012
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LECTURE OUTLINE
Linguistic content of the course
Conceptualizing the
content for your course
Non-linguistic content
Cultural component
Literature
Hidden messages
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COURSE CONTENT (AFTER K. GRAVES)
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FOCUS ON LANGUAGE: LINGUISTIC SKILLS
Phonology: Individual sounds, words,
stress, rhythm and intonation
Grammar: Classifications and functions of words,
how words form phrases and sentences
Vocabulary: Content words, word formation, inflections, meanings of prefixes and suffixes
Formal or structural syllabus
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FOCUS ON COMMUNICATION: SITUATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Situations are the
contexts in which one uses language.
Typically include places
where one transacts business, such as the supermarket, or the travel, or places where one interacts with others such as at a party
Communicative functions cover the types of transactions that will occur in the situation:
Suggesting, promising, apologizing, greeting, inviting, requesting, etc.
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Situational or functional syllabus
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TOPICS AND THEMES
What the language is used to
talk or write about
Personal: family, food, hobbies
Professional or
academic: employment, office etc.
Sociocultural: education, political systems, elections, cultural customs etc.
Topical or thematical syllabus
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COMPETENCIES
Situations + linguistic skills + functions
A competency
attempts to specify and teach the language and behavior
needed to perform in a given situation
How to perform a job interview
How to book a flight
How to examine a patient
How to open a bank account
To perform in target language in the dominant culture
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SKILLS
Speaking: Inferring attitude, feeling, mood; using interactive strategies;
summarizing; paraphrasing.
Listening: Listening for detail, for gist, for global
understanding, inferring attitude, feeling, mood, listening for invitation to take turns.
Reading: Predicting content, understanding the main idea, reading for detail, deducing meaning from context, note-taking, skimming etc.
Writing: Proofreading, editing, summarizing, paraphrasing, adjusting the writing to a specific audience or purpose etc.
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TASKS
Interactions whose purpose is to get something done
Task
can be for work purposes, for academic purposes, for
daily life
Tasks can be an end in themselves or a means to practice skills, perform functions, discuss topics
Some are real-life and some only have classroom application
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CONTENT
Subject matter other than language itself
Two
approaches:
For ESL: content-based syllabus will be based
on the content of other disciplines, like math, history, computer science, using English as a medium of instruction
For EFL, all types of non-linguistic content (see Penny Ur, 2012)
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Find two different textbooks for EFL. Look through
their tables of contents. How does each author conceptualize
content?
Which of the categories are included?
How do different components of linguistic content work together inside of a unit?
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HOW TO CONCEPTUALIZE THE COURSE
If you are developing
a course from scratch, or for very specific learner
needs, you can use
Tables and grids
Mind-maps
Flow charts
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NON-LINGUISTIC CONTENT
Subject matter other than language itself
Study
the list of non-linguistic content and discuss which types
are more or less relevant for a language course in general, for the course that you are developing in particular.
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CULTURAL COMPONENT
Home culture
Culture of the (native) English-speaking
people
Cultures of other speech communities
Global cultural norms
In
the course units which you studied before, find elements of culture, if any?
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SHOULD LITERATURE BE PART OF YOUR COURSE?
Wide range
of authors and texts
But are they essential, or
desirable components of your course?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of teaching literature as part of your language course?
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UNDERLYING MESSAGES?
Sexism
Ageism
Social and cultural orientation