Презентация на тему Infecting the Mach-o Object Format

@ Suresec Ltd
Interested in Mac OSX sys-internals and research

for roughly two years.
Prior Knowledge of other object formats or assembly would be useful but is not necessarily required for this talk.
Not intended to be a HOW-TO guide for Apple virus writers, but rather explore the Mach-o format and illustrate some ways in which infection can occur.

Introduction

worms.

parasite code into a host binary.

a file format used to store object code, and

associated meta-data.
It is like a blueprint which explains how to create a process image in memory.
The object file itself is usually produced by a compiler or an assembler.
There are many different object formats, these include ELF,PE-COFF and, of course, Mach-o.

which are based on the Mach kernel. (Such as

NextStep and Mac OS X).
Mach-o files are recognizable by the fact that all files begin with the four bytes 0xfeedface as the magic number.

sections.
Each Segment command has 0 or more section commands

associated with it.
Sections are numbered starting from 1. Numbers continue increasing between different segments.

mentioned earlier is 0xfeedface.
CPU Information.
File type, integer which specifies

what kind of object file this it. Executable, shared library, bundle, etc.
Combined size of all the load commands.
Flags. Used to set various Mach-o options, such as binding style or a flat namespace.

with the load_command struct.
The command field specifies the type

of each load command in the file.
The most important of these to note at this stage are:

LC_SEGMENT
LC_THREAD/LC_UNIXTHREAD

to be mapped into the address space of the

process.
Self explanatory fields size file offset, virtual size and virtual address.
nsects represents the number of “section commands” which are associated with this load_command.
Segments are usually named with a capital letter for clarity.
An example of a Segment is the __TEXT segment.

registers when a thread starts.
This load_command can be used

to retrieve of modify the entry-point for a thread.

one segment.
They follow a lowercase naming convention.
An example of

a section is the __text section, which is part of the __TEXT segment.
The most common flag setting used is S_REGULAR.
/usr/include/mach-o/loader.h shows the possible options for flags.

Initialized variables are stored here.
__TEXT,__symbol_stub: Used to store pieces

of code which dereference and jump to a lazy (or not) symbol pointer. The dynamic linker fills in the pointer value.
__DATA,__la_symbol_ptr: Lazy symbol pointer (mentioned above). __DATA,__nl_symbol_ptr == Not lazy.
__DATA,__bss: Used to store uninitialized static variables.

constant variables.
__DATA,__mod_init_func: Module constructors (similar to ctors) for C++.
__DATA,__mod_term_func:

Module destructors (similar to dtors) for C++.

for dumping a disassembly of a file, libraries it’s

linked with. etc.
gdb: Useful userland debugger.
gas: gnu assembler.
libtool (not gnu): Creating libraries (object files)
file: Determining the type of a file.
ktrace: A process tracer implemented using the ktrace() syscall which enables kernel logging for a process.
kdump: Display the output from ktrace.
class-dump: Display full Objective-C class listings of a mach-o file. Useful for reverse-engineering Objective C software.

object file headers trivial.
Also supports code disassembly.
Supports a

variety of object file formats on various platforms.


http://hte.sourceforge.net

in b4b0 ezine, written up by Silvio Cesare.
When

you cat two executable objects together and run the result the original code will execute.

to an infect a file we can simply create

a file which knows it’s own size.
When run, it must seek to the end of it’s original self, and copy out the rest of the file into a temporary file to be executed.
It must then execute whatever payload is desired, before executing the original, host binary for the user.

X.
Process simply opens a file descriptor to it’s own

binary. (unlike Linux where /proc/pid/mem is used.) and reads the original file from it to /tmp.
An implementation of this for mach-o/Mac OS X is online at http://felinemenace.org/~nemo/tools/mach-cat.tar.gz

called HFS+.
Each file on a HFS+ partition has two

file forks, a “data” fork and a “resource” fork.
To access a files resource fork we can use /rsrc

to infect a file, we can copy our host

binary into the resource fork of our parasite.
We then move the newly created file, over the existing host.
When our new binary is executed, it simply execve() (executes) it’s own resource fork after it’s payload has completed.
A problem with this however is that it will only work on the HFS file system. There is also talk that resource forks will be removed in the future.

is available online at: http://felinemenace.org/~nemo/tools/rsrc-hook.tar.gz

thread can be found in a LC_THREAD or LC_UNIXTHREAD

load command.
The struct for this command contains an additional struct (cpu_thread_state state) which stores the initial state of each of the registers.
The srr0 field of this struct contains the entry point for the thread.
The screenshot below shows HTE being used to modify the entry point of a binary.

can easily be detected by anti-virus software.
In some C++

applications, the __DATA,__mod_init_func section can be used to hook entry point.
All c++ binaries compiled with g++ have a __TEXT,__constructor and __TEXT,__destructor sections. Even if they don’t use it.
We can use these sections to hook the entry point, or exit point, and also to store our code in memory.

constructor to make it S_MOD_TERM_FUNCTION_POINTERS type. Marking the section

this way means that it will be treated as a list of 4 byte addresses, to be called on program termination.
After this we give this section size (4 bytes) to hold the address of our payload.

a pointer, which will be used to control execution

on our binaries exit, we must make room for our code.
To do this we can modify the destructor section of our binary and store our code there.
We can change the virtual size of this section to be the size of our shellcode. In this case we will use simple write() shellcode.
We must also modify the virtual address of this section. 4 bytes need to be added to the virtual address in order to make room for the pointer in the previous slide. This must also be done to the offset.
Finally the “flags” field of our section must be set to 0x80000000 to indicate that executable code will be stored in this section.

up, we need to actually copy the address of

our code, followed by the code itself into the start of our new section.

which contains meta-data and the kext (mach-o) binary (typically

in Contents/MacOS/).
The kernel itself is an uncompressed mach-o file as well. Unlike linux’s kernel which is compressed.
This allows for easy editing of the running kernel on disk, and in memory via /dev/kmem.

Mac OS X are written in a language called

Objective C.
Programs written in Objective C are typically linked with the Objective C runtime in /usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib.
An __OBJC segment is added to the file in order to store data used by the Objective-C language runtime support library. Created by the Objective-C compiler.
The otool tool can be used to view the contents of this segment (otool –vo ). Also the class-dump tool displays this information in an easily read fashion.

by Braden Thomas. He wrote a paper and implementation

showing how to use it in order to hook Mail.app.
Method swizzling is the name given to the process of hooking an Objective-C method within a class.
One of the functions of the __OBJC segment is to provide the Objective-C runtime with somewhere to store mappings between selectors (objective-c methods names) to the implementation of the method (actual program code.)
These mappings can easily be modified in order to effectively hook a single method.

of this which can easily be modified to perform

Method Swizzling of any chosen method.
In order to actually load the payload into memory Braden suggests the use of “InputManager”. Any bundles which are placed in the InputManager directory, in either the users Library directory, or the global Library directory, will be mapped in to every application opened.
When combined with method swizzling, this provides an easy way to infect an application.

objective-c runtime library.
It allows you to replace an entire

class with your own, in this way you can hook an entire class.
An explanation of it is available here: http://www.cocoadev.com/index.pl?ClassPosing
poseAsClass() function!

linked with every program which is compiled with a

Objective-C compiler.
Due to the fact that this library is, itself written in Objective-C, we are able to use class-dump in order to locate key methods and swizzle them ourselves.
In this way we can hook functions across all Objective-C binaries on the system.

from ppc.
Need to support more than one architecture in

a single file.
Not really a mach-o file, but an archive containing mach-o files.

of the files separately.
Trivial format makes extracting the

files for infection easy.
http://felinemenace.org/~nemo/tools/fm-unipack.tar.gz - Tool for manipulating universal binaries. Listing contents and packing or unpacking universal binaries.

struct.
This struct consists of a magic number 0xcafebabe, followed

by the number of “fat_arch” structs which follow the header.
Each “fat_arch” struct describes a single mach-o file within the universal binary.
This struct is defined in the file: /usr/include/mach-o/fat.h.

the files in the FAT binary.
The first two fields

show information about the type of architecture.
The offset and size fields (obviously) are used to store information about the size and starting location of the file. Appropriate alignment of this offset must occur for the desired architecture.
The align field is used to specify the power of 2 alignment the architecture requires.

Demonstrates unpacking and packing a universal binary.
Example.

were cut short due to kernel panics.
Maybe this is

the immunity people mention? ;-)
During research for this talk I triggered around 8 unique kernel panics.

“PTRACE_DENY_ATTACH”. When this is used the program will exit

when an attempt to ptrace() it is made.
Many people have difficulty parsing the mach-o headers correctly. Due to this many bugs exist in all of the common debuggers and dissemblers. (And also the Darwin Kernel ;-) )

bugs is shown below.
If you set the “number of

sections” field in a SEGMENT_COMMAND to 0xffffffff many of the popular debuggers will crash. This bug exists in gdb (gnu debugger), IDA pro and the HTE editor.
Amazingly this bug doesn’t exist in the Darwin kernel, therefore the binary executes correctly.

X, like all other operating systems, is exposed in

exactly the same way to file system viruses.
Thank you for listening to my talk.

"webtv" for a lot of reasons, (primarily having to

do with how I personally use the Internet), but was not aware that it is immune to virus infestation. I though Apple was the only one who could make that claim. Learn something new every day."
- http://forums.backpage.com/archive/index.php/t-194.html

"Is this Mac running Mac OS X ?
OK, you can stop worrying, it is not spyware. Mac OS X since release to present is totaly immune to virus/trojan/worm/spyware/adware/malware all these things are windows and PC things and Mac OS X users live absolutely free of any of that c**p.
Thinking of getting a Mac now?
Jim."
- http://www.cybertechhelp.com/forums/showthread.php?t=66507


"we believe that Apple has a solid operating system that has been to this point relatively immune to virus attacks."
http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/apr2005/nf20050415_4005_PG2.htm