Презентация на тему Introduction to Linguistics

no human society, no matter how small or how

isolated, which does not employ a language that is rich and diverse.
Each human language is a complex of knowledge and abilities enabling speakers of the language to communicate with each other, to express ideas, hypotheses, emotions, desires, and all the other things that need expressing.

to answer the question "How does language work?" is

called linguistics, and the scholars who study it are called linguists

and of the way languages work

behavior, and describe it objectively.

human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the

use of words in a structured and conventional way.

allowing novelty and innovation is response to new thoughts,

experiences, and situations

units that are related to specific meanings.
Knowledge of Sentences:

Knowing how to form sentences.

Knowledge of the Sound System: Knowing what sounds are in that language and what sounds are not.

actual speech production and comprehension.
Linguistic Competence:
What you know

about a language.

speech sounds (physical aspects)
Phonology: the patterning of speech sounds

Morphology: word formation
Syntax: sentence formation
Semantics: the interpretation of words and sentences
Pragmatics: how speakers use language in given contexts

of the language.
Traditionally phoneticians rely on careful listening

and observation in order to describe speech sounds. In doing this, a phonetician refers to a classificatory framework for speech sounds which is based on how they are made and on aspects of the auditory impression they make.

Phonetics

in English “tall” and the first sound in Spanish

“tu” are similar in several respects, but they differ in that the English sound can be described as alveolar (being pronounced at the ridge behind the teeth) and aspirated (being accompanied by a puff of breath which you can feel if you hold your hand in front of your mouth when you pronounce it), while the Spanish sound is dental (being pronounced at the teeth) and unaspirated (without the puff of breath).

sounds we represent as /p,t,k/ are aspirated (with the

puff of breath) at the beginning of a word, as in pill, tall, kill , but not when they come after an /s/, as in spill, stall, skill. You can test this by pronouncing the pairs with your hand in front of your mouth. The difference in pronunciation is a phonetic fact, but the rule describing it is a phonological rule that describes the English sound system. There are plenty of languages that do not have this rule.

the minimal units of words that have a meaning

and cannot be subdivided further. There are two main types: free and bound. Free morphemes can occur alone and bound morphemes must occur with another morpheme. An example of a free morpheme is “bad”, and an example of a bound morpheme is “ly.” It is bound because although it has meaning, it cannot stand alone. It must be attached to another morpheme to produce a word.

Morphology

the elements in a language statement.
Syntax

in:
This is the book (that) I bought.
But

not in:
This is the book that was too expensive.

the following sentence is actually ambiguous, depending on how

we interpret the relationship between words:
For sale: an antique desk suitable for lady with thick legs and large drawers.
? what does “thick legs and large drawers” refer to?
The desk or the lady?

linguistic signs, words and sentences, in actual situations.

Pragmatics

in given contexts
These sentences can all express the same

request, but often indirectly:
It's cold in here.
I wonder if we can shut the window.
(Can you shut the window?)

into the various romance languages French, Italian, Spanish, Rumanian,

Portuguese, Romansch, Catalan, Occitan, Sardinian etc.?
What did the parent of the various Germanic languages German, English, Dutch, Norwegian, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish, Icelandic, Frisian, Faeroese, Gothic etc. sound like, of which we have no written records, but which must have been spoken at around the same time as Classical Latin?

of Philadelphia from that of New York?
What are

the effects of mass media and personal mobility on dialect differences?

make errors in their native language?
How do children

learn the complexities of a language without formal instruction?

about human language using tools and formalisms that were

developed to describe and interpret formal computer languages?
How can we teach computers to use human language?