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Презентация на тему Научный стиль. Научная коммуникация
Содержание
- 2. Научная коммуникацияВыступает в устной и письменной формеИмеет
- 3. Отбор языковых средствСтереотипизацияКонсервативностьНаличие специальной терминологии (+общенаучный словарь)
- 4. Синтаксический стройСложные предложения с развернутой союзной связьюЭксплицитно выраженные средства синтаксической связиЭксплицированность модуса
- 5. Средства связиСоюзы и союзные наречияАнафораМодальные словаПредложные реченияВводные предложенияОпределенный порядок слов и соотнесенность видо-временных форм
- 6. «Логическое – эмоционально-оценочное»Прилагательные:Marvellous, wonderful, great, striking,
- 7. Создание устойчивый сочетанийSplendid illustrations, a fascinating field
- 8. Авторская отрицательная оценка:Ridiculous, contemptuous, second-rate, tedious, boring, depressing, ignorant, unworthy, arid, old-fashioned, high-brow, intolerable
- 9. Двучленное построениеRidiculous and unnecessary faultUngrammatical and unreadable
- 10. Наречия: двучленная конструкцияIt is. . . the
- 11. прилагательные, выражающих гиперболизованную степень признака tremendous, immence,
- 12. в ряде устойчивых сочетаний типаan enormous difference,
- 13. эмоционально-нейтральные наречия типаclearly, ably, unequivocally, satisfactorily, carefully,
- 14. наречия, выражающих отрицательную оценочную характеристикуvaguely, wrongly, poorly, adversely, incorrectly
- 15. эмоционально и экспрессивно окрашенные существительныеonset, enhancement, endeavour,,
- 16. It (the theory of the expanding universe)
- 17. использование существительных в двучленной конструкцииThe major aim
- 18. Глагольная лексикаto ascertain, to ascribe to, to
- 19. Клише научного письма to hinder progress; to
- 20. Разговорная глагольная лексикатипа to trim off, to
- 21. Some scientists associated with space programmes play
- 22. "устное разговорное - письменное литературно-книжное " Синтаксические
- 23. Вопросно-ответный комплекс обратить внимание читателя на
- 24. ввести описание методики проведения экспериментаIn the next
- 25. для акцентуации отрицательно-оценочной характеристики работы...we are informed
- 26. для введения развернутых рассуждений автора по рассматриваемому
- 27. для перечисления имеющихся по данной проблеме мненийBut
- 28. XX в. схема "вопрос-ответ" закрепилась за научно-популярные текстами, научной публицистикой и лекцией
- 29. Использование синтаксической структуры простого предложения Under these
- 30. для сообщения наиболее существенной мысли So long
- 31. ввести ряд доводов, аргументов и рассуждений и
- 32. суммирование изложенной выше мысли The year past
- 33. ввести перечисление: Some arguments have been settled;
- 34. формулировать результаты экспериментаThe picture was one of
- 35. ссылки на таблицыResults are presented in Table 1
- 36. Завершение сложных синтаксических структур простым предложением создает
- 37. The first part (of the book) is
- 38. Разговорные вставки в составе предложения Вставка -
- 39. а) сослаться на высказывания предшественников ':. .
- 40. Complex subjectThe deposit was, they say, actually
- 41. Речевые клише устной коммуникацииI am sorry to
- 42. Нарастание (градация) If the liquid sticks together
- 43. СФЕ с многократным повтором:...at this moment we
- 44. Антитеза It is easy to accumulate
- 45. ритмическая организация слова) лексические единицы, имеющих одинаковое
- 46. "образное - безобразное“ (ограничения в использовании метафорической образности)
- 47. языковые метафоры to call into play (приводить
- 48. Неразвернутая речевая метафора...gerontology at the moment has
- 49. Терминированная метафораBarbizet deals with theoretical aspects of
- 50. Прием интимизации повествования (оппозиция "личная versus неличная манера изложения")
- 51. we употребляется: а) для введения того
- 52. Скачать презентацию
- 53. Похожие презентации
Научная коммуникацияВыступает в устной и письменной формеИмеет непосредственный или опосредованный характерБывает односторонней или двустороннейАудитория имеет ограниченный характерОтражает рассудочную деятельность человека
Слайд 2
Научная коммуникация
Выступает в устной и письменной форме
Имеет непосредственный
или опосредованный характер
рассудочную деятельность человека
Слайд 3
Отбор языковых средств
Стереотипизация
Консервативность
Наличие специальной терминологии (+общенаучный словарь)
Слайд 4
Синтаксический строй
Сложные предложения с развернутой союзной связью
Эксплицитно выраженные
средства синтаксической связи
Эксплицированность модуса
Слайд 5
Средства связи
Союзы и союзные наречия
Анафора
Модальные слова
Предложные речения
Вводные предложения
Определенный
порядок слов и соотнесенность видо-временных форм
Слайд 6
«Логическое – эмоционально-оценочное»
Прилагательные:
Marvellous, wonderful, great, striking, excellent,
beautiful, magnificent, grand, unparalleled, admirable, astounding, brilliant, splendid, startling,
exquisite(научно-популярные работы и жанр рецензии)
Слайд 7
Создание устойчивый сочетаний
Splendid illustrations, a fascinating field of
study, a striking paper, a magnificent volume, an admirable
account, an excellent review, beautiful effects…(не сочетаются со словами, имеющими терминологическое значение)
Слайд 8
Авторская отрицательная оценка:
Ridiculous, contemptuous, second-rate, tedious, boring, depressing,
ignorant, unworthy, arid, old-fashioned, high-brow, intolerable
Слайд 9
Двучленное построение
Ridiculous and unnecessary fault
Ungrammatical and unreadable style
Incomplete
and contradictory evidence
Oversimplified and superficial treatment
Complicated and tedious methods
Слайд 10
Наречия: двучленная конструкция
It is. . . the part
which will be of greatest interest to palaeontologists who
have so patiently and skilfully unravelled the structure of the long-extinct relatives of this anachronistic fish;. . .the ship designer will be. . . promptly and confidently served with hydrodynamic information....
Слайд 11
прилагательные, выражающих гиперболизованную степень признака
tremendous, immence, vast,
enormous
The amount of work involved in writing this
volume must have been enormous; . . .electricians owed an enormous debt of gratitude to Gilbert. . .
Слайд 12
в ряде устойчивых сочетаний типа
an enormous difference,
a
tremendous problem,
a vast range of,
the vast majority
of, extreme accuracy
Слайд 13
эмоционально-нейтральные наречия типа
clearly, ably, unequivocally, satisfactorily, carefully, elaborately,
properly, accurately, conveniently, intelligently, adequately, precisely, exactly, fully, thoroughly
и т.д., например:It (the book) is ably written. . .;
. . .a work. .. contained a general account of botany, including a carefully arranged account of plant physiology.
Слайд 14
наречия, выражающих отрицательную оценочную характеристику
vaguely, wrongly, poorly, adversely,
incorrectly
Слайд 15
эмоционально и экспрессивно окрашенные существительные
onset, enhancement, endeavour,, contemplation,
desideratum, vista, enunciation, stance
(beginning (start), intensification, attempt, study,
prospect, announcement, position (posture)
Слайд 16
It (the theory of the expanding universe) gave
us a new start for investigating the age of
the universe and the creation of the stuff of which it is made; . . .this is perhaps the most interesting upshot of his workRetention of the present limit of ± 100 ms from UT 2 would necessitate frequent adjustments. . .and these might well become an intolerable nuisance to some users
Слайд 17
использование существительных в двучленной конструкции
The major aim of
this study was to analyse the data obtained with
different batteries of biochemical tests to determine the reliability and accuracy of the procedures...Long vacation courses... for students reading pure botany... demonstrate the appeal and challenge of applied research
Слайд 18
Глагольная лексика
to ascertain, to ascribe to, to assert,
to contemplate, to commence, to convey (an idea), to
depict, to contrive, to countenance, to cease, to delineate, to discern, to deem, to endow (обычно в форме to be endowed with), to emerge, to encounter, to envisage, to elucidate, to enhance, to elapse, to entail, to endeavour, to evolve, to hinder, to inaugurate, to impart, to infer, to implement, to lapse, to merit, to ponder, to persue, to propound to reveal, to surmise, to seek, to strive
Слайд 19
Клише научного письма
to hinder progress; to encounter
a difficulty (a case); to elucidate the mechanism of...;
to commence work; to discern the possibility of; to ascribe something to something ...; to ponder on the problem of...; we may infer that...; to entail errors; to propound a problem; to assert that...; the authors sought to explain that...; to exert efforts; to furnish assistance; to pursue an aim
Слайд 20
Разговорная глагольная лексика
типа to trim off, to bear
down, to call for, to pick up, to turn
up, to play down, to pinch away, to knock off, to knockout, to set out, to run down, to crop out
Слайд 21
Some scientists associated with space programmes play down
risks from alien microorganisms. . .
The unfamiliar problems of
engineering, construction, and supervision of a large staff of technicians bear down on him (the scientist)
Слайд 22
"устное разговорное - письменное литературно-книжное "
Синтаксические элементы устной
разговорной речи: вопросно-ответный комплекс, простое предложение, разговорные вставки в
составе предложения, нарастание, антитеза
Слайд 23
Вопросно-ответный комплекс
обратить внимание читателя на объяснение
причины какого-либо явления:
What starts these radiations in the first
instance? It is difficult to imagine them to be otherwise than due to a chemical change...
Слайд 24
ввести описание методики проведения эксперимента
In the next place,
how shall any pure organic liquid be introduced into
one of these purified liquid glasses without risk of contamination? This we are now able to manage in a comparatively simple manner. The liquid is introduced by means of a flask of this form
Слайд 25
для акцентуации отрицательно-оценочной характеристики работы
...we are informed on
p. -72 that the "artist will be told all
that is known... of the constitution of his pigments". How is this promise redeemed? We turn to the description of white lead — not a word can we find as to the presence in it of intentional adulterants or of such a frequent and injurious impurity as lead subacetateСлайд 26 для введения развернутых рассуждений автора по рассматриваемому им
вопросу
The cross was taken only from one side. Which
is it? I apprehend that it should be on the side of highest organisation — that is, that the mar le parent has been of the lower organisation, and that the female parent... of the higher
Слайд 27
для перечисления имеющихся по данной проблеме мнений
But directly
we begin thus to attend to the whole space
a very curious question arises. Are we to regard the current in a conductor as propelled by some sort of end-thrust, like water or air driven through a pipe by a piston or a fan, or are we to think of it as propelled by side forces, a sort of lateral drag, like water driven along a trough by a blast of air or by vanes of paddle-wheels dipping into in? Or, again, referring to the cord models... were we right in picturing the driving force of the battery as located and applied where shown in the diagrams, or ought we to have schemed some method for cohnnunicating the power of the battery by means of belts or other mechanisms to a great number of points of the circuit?
Слайд 28
XX в. схема "вопрос-ответ" закрепилась за научно-популярные текстами,
научной публицистикой и лекцией
Слайд 29
Использование синтаксической структуры простого предложения
Under these conditions, the
flow of carbon into the nitrogenous constituents of the
cell must be negligible, and it could therefore be expected that the assimilated carbon accumulates in a limited group of cell materials. The evidence on this question is scanty and not clear;Regretfully, he (the author) arrives at the only possible conclusion that the Association is but a shadow of its former self, has failed to adjust its aims and organization to the needs of the time, and with bewilderment and frustration arising from lack of national leadership, stands in marked contrast to the buoyancy and optimism which marks the university adult education movement of to-day. The latter is described by J.W. Saunders.
Слайд 30
для сообщения наиболее существенной мысли
So long as
the panicles in Interstellar space are not all so
large as to produce mere non-selective blocking, the absorption will be expected to increase as the wave-length of the light decreases. This is in fact found to be true.Слайд 31 ввести ряд доводов, аргументов и рассуждений и тем
самым привлечь к ним
вниманue читателя
Linnaeus... dominated the taxonomy of
his day, and his influence still persists if for on other reason than that the starting points for the binominal nomenclature (which was his innovation) of both plants and animals date from two of his major publications. Linnaeus had, however, weaknesses. One was his treatment of fungi, the ordering of which he found "a scandal to art, no botanist knowing what a Species is and what a Variety" (which, alas, is still often the plight of mycologists today) and finally a residue of the few fungi which he compiled were classified among the Vermes (worms) in his genus Chaos
Слайд 32
суммирование изложенной выше мысли
The year past
has seen the intellectual community exposed to a host
of threats, many of them unexpected. Worse still, it has seen the intellectual community react to obvious assaults on its security not by robust defence or even by guile, but by a pretence that if only people can carry on as if there is nothing to worry about, their troubles would spontaneously pack up and go away. That is a dangerous illusion.
Слайд 33
ввести перечисление:
Some arguments have been settled; for example,
a cavity which... turned out to be occupied by
cartilage and the eye-muscles excavate no myodome
Слайд 34
формулировать результаты эксперимента
The picture was one of calcification
of necrotic epithelium similar to that seen in mercury
bichloride poisoning. It was observed in eight out of ten animalsOnly four patients had low excretion values. This would indicate the existence of a minor impairment, which we wished to demonstrate clearly
Слайд 36
Завершение сложных синтаксических структур простым предложением создает своеобразное
ритмическое чередование "тяжелых" и "легких" синтаксических рисунков и, кроме
того, способствует четкому абзацному членению текста.
Слайд 37
The first part (of the book) is concerned
with the work of definition. Taking the metaphysics of
Aristotle, the author shows that this reveals two possible definitions: (1) that metaphysics is the science of pure being; (2) that it is the science which deals with the absolute presuppositions underlying ordinary science;The book is unsatisfactory in many respects. Few people will accept Walker's disarming prefatory note that his amateur acquaintance with biology makes him in some way more fitted to interprete its main hypothesis than those who have studied more deeply.
Слайд 38
Разговорные вставки в составе предложения
Вставка - это прием
введения в предложение разных добавочных сообщений, попутных замечаний
Слайд 39
а) сослаться на высказывания предшественников ':
. . .
the deposit was, they say, "actually acid to the
taste ";б) указать на свои собственные наблюдения:
The five years averages of winter fogs, we have seen, give a steady increase...
Слайд 40
Complex subject
The deposit was, they say, actually acid
to the taste.
The pictures, I believe, may be taken
on the whole for what they purport to be. The process of spart shadow photography will be found, I believe, of great service in physiological research.Some of the alterations are thought to initiate a chain of biochemical reactions.
The intensity of the growth is said to be some five times lower.
The pictures are believed to be identical images of real processes.
Слайд 41
Речевые клише устной коммуникации
I am sorry to say,
I am afraid, if we like, if you please,
I believe I might say, in my opinion, so to speakReferring to Part I, a hint will be found that the laws of flow of a current in conductors - the shape of the stream lines, in fact - are such as indicate no inertia . . .;
... if one puts an obstacle in the path of an electric current - say, by cutting a slit in a conducting strip of tin foil — the stream lines on either side of it are quite symmetrical . . . (ibid.).
Слайд 42
Нарастание (градация)
If the liquid sticks together pretty well,
like treacle, the motion spreads very rapidly: this corresponds
to a poor conductor. If the liquid be very mobile, the propagation of motion inward is slow; this corresponds to a very good conductor. If the liquid were perfectly nonviscous, it would correspond to a perfect conductor
Слайд 43
СФЕ с многократным повтором:
...at this moment we really
have no justification for believing that the ultimate problem
will be solved; it might be that we shall never achieve satisfactory containment; it might be that the radiated power will be of such surface density that evaporation of impurities from the walls will beat up; it might be that the reaction will have such a positive temperature coefficient that will go off with explosive violence
Слайд 44
Антитеза
It is easy to accumulate probabilities —
hard to make out some particular ease in such
a way that it will stand rigorous criticism
Слайд 45
ритмическая организация слов
а) лексические единицы, имеющих одинаковое количество
слогов:
If the stress is prescribed to rise and fall
as a simple step-function with time, then... ...liquid and solid fuels... б) аллитерированные пары:
...with power supply "on" or "off;
...maximum and minimum values
в) "рифмующихся" пар:
...presence and absence theory...;
...both proteins are either present or absent;
г) лексических единиц с одинаковым суффиксом;
Arrangements for natural and artificial lighting of the waterway are provided... The two mechanisms each offer a possibility both for adding and for subtracting one residue
Слайд 47
языковые метафоры
to call into play (приводить в
действие, осуществлять), to be armed with information (располагать информацией),
a breakthrough (важное научное открытие), time is ripe for (настало время для...), the heart of the structure (основа структуры), a flood of publications (большое число, поток публикаций), a wealth of information (большое количество информации) и т.д.:
Слайд 48
Неразвернутая речевая метафора
...gerontology at the moment has more
bricklayers than architects, and the most important new evidence
might well come from outside the circle of age researchers, provided the general biologists in other fields are aware of the situation
Слайд 49
Терминированная метафора
Barbizet deals with theoretical aspects of learning
processes and the hunt for the engram...;
In Hopkin's
last paper he was on the trail of the glyoxalase reaction
Слайд 51
we употребляется:
а) для введения того или иного
положения (аргументации) : We may suppose that. .. ;
we must admit that.. . ;б) для формулировки выводов: we recommend that . . . ; we must conclude that ...;
в) для выражения чувств автора: We are glad to learn that the series of works on the fauna of British India will not be confined to the Vertebrata;
г) в процессе описания научной работы как таковой: the links we see are different from those in the Table.
