Презентация на тему The Citizen at the Centre in the EU. Global Developments in the Social Sector and the role of NGOs

NIZW International Centre
P.O. Box 19152
3501 DD Utrecht
The Netherlands
Phone 31

30 2306 336 Fax 31 30 2306 540
Email icsw@icsw.org Website: www.icsw.org

policy and social programmes
Example of the world bank influence
Three

schools of thought on globalization
Areas of social governance reform
How we have moved from public sector universal provision to private sector and safety nets
UN and finally ICSW

Fund, World Trade Organisation
United Nations, the UN secretariat and

the UN social agencies eg UNDP
Other non UN agencies eg International Labour Office, OECD
The “Gs” G7, G20, G77 etc

governments
Evolving philosophies but believe in welfare pluralism i.e. state

is not the only or even the primary financier and provider of social services
1990s WB into social paternalism
2000 social liberalism and corporatization
2004 World Development Report - making services work for the poor

services work for the poor means making services work

for everybody while ensuring poor have access
Alternative view is that public spending benefits the rich and should be refocused on the poor
But other reports still emphasise privatisation

especially in health
1987 WB publication “Financing Health Services in

Developing Countries”
Increase the amount patients pay
Develop private health insurance
Expand participation of the private sector in health care

Age Crisis”
Governments needing loans from WB or IMF forced

into structural adjustment
WB committed to “three pillars”
Minimal public pension
Contributory privatised pension
Private savings
But not enough emphasis on governments protecting consumer interests

very significant impact on welfare states through increasing dominance

of the market economy.
Internationalization means demise of nation-state autonomy
Reduces national policy options
Weakens labour movement
Expansion of trade creates unemployment and increases inequality

an effect upon welfare states but these effects are

mediated through national institutional structures and policy responses
Some welfare states are more compatible to competitiveness than others and adapt

having relatively little impact on the welfare state
Changes are

occurring for other reasons
Erosion of the welfare state is due to ideology rather than globalization
Domestic factors are causing change eg demography, technology and changes to family structures

Social Dimension of Globalization
Call for global tax authority
Reform of

UN including Economic and Social Commission
Involvement of civil society in UN
Involvement of civil society in the Bretton Woods institutions (World Bank, IMF,WTO)

took shape in the 1980s and 1990s
Related to neoliberal

policies typified by President Regan and Prime Minister Thatcher
Era of anti public provision discourse

and 20th centuries
Late 20th and early 21st centuries beginning

of the retrenchment of the welfare state or welfare reduction
The politics of retrenchment is different to the politics that created the welfare state
Extending benefits to large numbers is very different to taking benefits away

the right, economic changes and the increasing costs of

the welfare state
“typically treacherous because it imposes tangible losses on concentrated groups of voters in return for diffuse and uncertain gains” (Pierson – The new politics of the welfare state)

universal programmes
Globalization of policy and capital has reduced economic

tools and independence of national governments
Not worried about political unpopularity
Use techniques of incremental and technical reforms which limits the emergence of opposition
Power of organised labour and left parties has diminished

was public sector effectiveness
Commission emphasised the crucial role of

the public sector in the provision of equitable, adequate and accessible social services for all to meet the needs of the entire population
Contrast with the minimalist approach of the millennium development goals – basic education, basic health, basic income etc

Commission argued that an effective public sector is the

single most important determinant of good governance
ICSW defined public sector in terms of the functions it exercises
It is not a question of who does what but who takes responsibility for access and equity
ICSW argued that the state must ensure universal and equitable access to quality services – education, nutrition, health care, water and sanitation

regional level
Mission is to relieve poverty
Gains its knowledge from

its members
Members are organisations involved in social welfare and social development in about 70 countries
Conveys the knowledge gained from members to global and regional institutions
Expanding membership into eastern Europe

influence of global and regional bodies in your country?

What influence do you think external organisations are having on your governments?
In what areas of social policy are they having an influence?
What role can you see NGOs having in influencing directions in social policy?

gas, electricity, water, sanitation and housing subject to privatisation
Welfare

benefits – services include health and education subject to privatisation
Welfare benefits – cash transfers subject to means testing (targeting) and changes in eligibility rules

agreements, global alliances on vaccines and immunization
Global social regulation

eg global labour standards and in emerging international markets including private health and education
Global social rights eg Human Rights Commission, migrants, illegal trafficking.

or opposition to Northern neoliberalism
National sovereignty
Growth in

strength of regional groupings of governments
Conditionality imposed by global institutions