Презентация на тему Lecture 3american communicative behavior

American Differences in Communication

your contribution such as it is required, at the

stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”)

4 maxims (quality, quantity, relation and manner)

positive social value a person effectively claims for himself

by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact"

Politeness Theory (P. Brown and S. Levinson, 1978) (positive and negative face)

directness
The role of context
The importance of face
The task or

the person

twins.
2. People are reluctant to say no.
3. You have

to read between the lines.
4. Use of intermediaries or third parties is frequent.
5. Use of understatement is frequent.
6. It’s best to tell it like it is.
7. It’s okay to disagree with your boss at a meeting.
8. “Yes” means yes.
9. “Yes” means I hear you.
10. Communication is like that between two casual acquaintances.
11. It’s not necessary to read between the lines.

12. People engage in small talk and catching up before getting down to business.
13. Business first, then small talk.
14. Lukewarm tea means all is not well.
15. Lukewarm tea means the tea got cold.
16. People need to be brought up to date at a meeting.
17 People are already up to date.
18. The rank/status of the messenger is as important as the message.
19. The message is what counts, not who the messenger is.
20. People tell you what they think you want to hear.

(sex, private life, marital status, religion, health, financial standing,

age, criminal record)

offensive or delicate in terms that make it sound

more pleasant or becoming than it really is“ (Geoffrey Leech)

executive administrator of contributing to the misappropriation of office

supplies.
The clerical assistant had an inappropriate relationship with the office building’s superintendent.
Jenny’s dog Bowser went to the great doggy park in the sky.
The executive in charge of increasing the company’s workforce requested proof that the applicant had never been detained for possessing controlled substances.

politeness more than negative;
As pay more attention to

negative politeness;
Rs express more emotive data than As
As are more conventionally indirect in requests than Rs
Rs invest more effort into supporting their requests by justifications than As;
As preface corrections with positive remarks more than Rs;
for Rs directness with familiars is associated with sincerity;
for As directness with familiars is associated with imposition on their freedom;
there is a huge amount of linguistic means in Russian, specifically used to show warmth and inoffensive closeness with familiars and intimates, thus amplifying positive politeness;
being translated into English, they will render into expressing patronizing attitude, thus becoming extremely offensive to the negative face;
friends normally are considered 'intimates' to Rs, but 'familiars' to As;
As express more politeness to 'strangers' than Rs do;
for As apologizing means taking responsibility for the offence;
for Rs apologizing is more of expressing compassion.

not targeted at reaching consensus
Wrong or no answers to

your questions, or 'knowing better what you need'
Addressee's responsibility for information.
Potential mistrust of 'objective truths'.
Parallel processing of information

mostly face-to-face

(time)
Chromatics (color)
Paralanguage (pitch, volume, intonation)
Silence
Sign language

or whispering
Close phase – less than 6 inches (15 cm)
Far

phase – 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm)
Personal distance for interactions among good friends or family members
Close phase – 1.5 to 2.5 feet (46 to 76 cm)
Far phase – 2.5 to 4 feet (76 to 120 cm)
Social distance for interactions among acquaintances
Close phase – 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m)
Far phase – 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m)
Public distance used for public speaking
Close phase – 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m)
Far phase – 25 feet (7.6 m) or more

of conveying 250,000 expressions