Презентация на тему Monetary Policy and Fiscal Policy in the Very Short Run

Short Run Learning objectives
Understand that both fiscal and monetary

policy can be used to stabilize the economy in the short run.
Understand that the output effect of expansionary fiscal policy is reduced by crowding out.
Understand that the slope of the LM curve has an important bearing on the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy.

PowerPoint® slides prepared by Marc Prud’Homme, University of Ottawa
Copyright 2005 © McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Short Run
Chapter 12: Economic Policy in the Very

Short Run

Figure 12-1: 90-Day Treasury Bill Rate and Real GDP Growth, Quarterly, 1997-2002

Policy: Any decision made by the Bank of Canada

concerning the level of the nominal money stock.
The adjustment of the economy as a result of this monetary policy change is dependent on two general responses:
It must have the ability to lower interest rates.
Its ability to change real output in the very short run depends on the interest rate response in the IS curve.

Chapter 12: Economic Policy in the Very Short Run

12-2: Monetary Policy
Income, Output
The increase in the real money

stock shifts the LM curve to the right.

Chapter 12: Economic Policy in the Very Short Run

Adjustment path 1: Initial response of the economy is to move to E1 where is interest rates are lower but output has not changed.

Adjustment path 2: The lower interest rates brings excess demand for goods, so output starts to increase.

Interest rate

trap: A situation that arises when the LM curve

is horizontal because the interest elasticity of demand is infinite.
The Economist: Is Japan in a Liquidity Trap?
Modern version of the liquidity trap: When interest rates are so low that a central bank has no scope to lower them further.

Chapter 12: Economic Policy in the Very Short Run

Action
The liquidity trap on Canada and the United States.
September

11th
Lower interest rates initiated by the Bank of Canada and the US Federal Reserve Board.
40-year low.
Output growth remained sluggish US economy.
Output growth rebounded in Canada.

money supply curve is also vertical, there is either

no equilibrium (as shown here) or an infinite number equilibria if both curves are superimposed.

The Goods Market and the IS Curve

Chapter 12: Economic Policy in the Very Short Run

Figure 12-3: The Money Market when h = 0

Interest rate

Real Balances

i

L

When the interest elasticity of money demand (h) is zero, the money demand curve is vertical.

A classical IS-LM model

and Crowding Out
A repeat of the IS curve from

Chapter 11:

Chapter 12: Economic Policy in the Very Short Run

and Crowding Out
Chapter 12: Economic Policy in the

Very Short Run

Crowding Out: Occurs when expansionary fiscal policy causes interest rates to rise, thereby reducing private spending, particularly investment.
Income increases more and interest rates increase less, the flatter the LM schedule.
Income increases less and interest rates increase less, the flatter the LM schedule.
Income and interest rates increase more the larger the multiplier, and thus the horizontal shift in the IS schedule.

and Crowding Out
Figure 12-4: Effects of an Increase in

Government Spending

Interest rate

Income, Output

i

The new equilibrium is at point E’’, if the interest rate remained constant. Here the goods market is in equilibrium but the money market is not.

Increased government spending increases aggregate demand, shifting the IS curve to the right.

The excess demand in real balances causes the interest rate rises.

At point E’: The goods market and money markets both clear; planned spending is equal to income; and the quantity of real balances demanded is equal to the real money stock.

and Crowding Out
Chapter 12: Economic Policy in the

Very Short Run

Is Crowding Out Important?
In fully employed economies, crowding out occurs through a different mechanism. An increase in demand will lead to an increase in the price level. The increase in price reduces real balances. The LM curve moves to the left, raising interest rates until until the increase in aggregate demand is fully crowded out.
In an economy with unemployed resources, there will not be full crowding out because the LM curve is not, in fact, vertical.

and Crowding Out
Chapter 12: Economic Policy in the

Very Short Run

Is Crowding Out Important (Cont’d) ?
With unemployment, interest rates need not rise at all when government spending rises, and there need not be any crowding out. This is because the monetary authorities can accommodate the fiscal expansion.
Monetary accommodation: The central bank prints money to buy the bonds with which the government pays for its deficit.

and Crowding Out
Figure 12-4: Effects of an Increase in

Government Spending

Interest rate

Income, Output

i

Fiscal Expansion…

The Bank of Canada increases the money supply…

Both the IS and LM curves have shifted to the right… interest rates do not rise… there is NO crowding out.

The Policy Mix

and the Interest Rate Rule
Chapter 12: Economic Policy

in the Very Short Run

Money Supply Rule: A policy stance where the central bank holds the level (or growth rate) of the money supply constant.

When the money supply has an endogenous component :

and the Interest Rate Rule
Chapter 12: Economic Policy

in the Very Short Run

Interest Elasticity of the Money Supply (γ): A parameter that measures how much the central bank changes the money supply in response to an interest rate change.

Interest rate rule: Monetary policy is conducted according to an interest rate rule whenever the money supply is changed in response to a change in the demand for money in order to keep interest rates constant.

and the Interest Rate Rule
Chapter 12: Economic Policy

in the Very Short Run

If the money supply is increased when the demand for money shifts outward…

Figure 12-6: Changing the Money Supply when the Demand for Money Shifts

…then the interest rate would not rise as it would if the money supply was not changed.

and the Interest Rate Rule
Chapter 12: Economic Policy

in the Very Short Run

Figure 12-7: Monetary Policy Reacts to Interest Rate Changes

and the Interest Rate Rule
Figure 12-8: Deriving the LM

curve under the interest rate rule.

Interest rate

Real Balances

i

Income, Output

i

i1

…and the LM curve is horizontal.

If monetary policy is conducted according to an interest rate rule, then the money supply is changed any time there is a small change in the interest rate.

i2

and the Interest Rate Rule
Figure 12-9: LM Curve for

a Money Supply Rule and for an Interest Rate Rule

Interest rate

Income, Output

i

and the Interest Rate Rule
Figure 12-10: Monetary Policy with

Shocks to the Goods Market

Interest rate

Income, Output

i

The variance of income is minimized by a money supply rule.

and the Interest Rate Rule
Figure 12-11: Monetary Policy with

Shocks to the Money Market

Interest rate

Income, Output

i

The variance of income is minimized by an interest rate rule.

policy affects the economy, first by affecting interest rates

and then affecting aggregate demand.
There are two extreme cases in the operation of monetary policy: The classical case and the liquidity trap.
Taking into account the effects of fiscal policy on the interest rate modifies the multiplier results of chapter 8.
Fiscal policy is more effective the smaller the induced changes in interest rates and the smaller the response of investment to these interest rate changes.

Chapter 12: Economic Policy in the Very Short Run

(cont’d)
The two extreme cases, the liquidity trap and the

classical case, are useful to show what determine the magnitude of monetary and fiscal policy multipliers.
A fiscal expansion, because it leads to higher interest rates, displaces, or crowds out, some private investment.
If the central bank wants to minimize fluctuation in the interest rate, it can conduct policy according to an interest rate rule.
If all the variation in income arises from fluctuations in the goods market, then the money supply rule reduces the variance of income.

Chapter 12: Economic Policy in the Very Short Run