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Презентация на тему General information of children infection’s diseases. Whooping-cough

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2. Infectious diseases Are a group of diseases,
3. In children's pathology The infectious diseases draw
4. Common clinical peculiarities of modern infectious diseases
5. Periods of Infectious Disease Course Clinically, acute
6. Incubation period begins from the moment of
7. The period of full developmentmaximally marked causative
8. Clinical forms The clinical forms of infectious
9. Sources of infection patients with clinically marked
10. Mode of transmissionthe transmission is by droplet route (measles, rubella, whooping-cough, scarlet fever, epidemic parotitis)
11. Mode of transmissionfecal-oral one (dysentery, salmonellosis, typhoid
12. Mode of transmissionoccurs in direct entry of
13. Susceptibility of population Susceptibility is defined by
14. Age peculiarities of immunity formation 1. The
15. Differentiated peculiarities infectious disease of the babies
16. Preventive measures The nonspecific prevention: includes measures
17. Elaborated complex of emergency measures are directed
18. Specific prevention Vaccination (groups of diseases where
19. TYPES OF VACCINESLive attenuated (oral polio, MMR,
20. EVOLUTION OF IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMMESIncidence VaccinecoverageAdverse events(number and/or
21. Whooping-cough (H. Pertussis) ETIOLOGYBordet-Gengou bacillus Haemophilia (Bordetella) pertussis Gram-negative Strictly aerobic Resistance is very low
22. Epidemiology the source of infection is a
23. Pathogenesis The portal of entry of infection
24. Because of the frequent and prolonged paroxysms
25. Clinical manifestations The incubation period of whooping-cough
26. Catarrhal stage is manifested by a moderate
27. Paroxysmal stage Paroxysms of coughing develop. The
28. Paroxysmal stageThe outward appearance of the patient
29. Paroxysmal stageAs a result of frequent paroxysms,
30. The ulcer on the tongue results from
31. Clinical forms There are three principal forms
32. In the moderate form the number of
33. Complications respiratory bronchitis and bronchopneumonia bronchopneumonia spontaneous
34. THE CIRCULATORY DISORDERS IN THE LUNGS WITH THE GEMORAGIC
35. In one year old babies whooping-cough
36. Diagnosis clinical course cyclic character, paroxysmal bouts
37. TreatmentProperly organized regimen and nursing Cold fresh
38. ProphylaxisMeasures to be taken in an epidemic
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Infectious diseases Are a group of diseases, which are caused by bacteria, viruses, Protozoa, etc A common trait for the majority of infectious diseases is the possibility of transmitting them from one infected patient to a

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General information of children infection’s diseases. Whooping-cough

General information of children infection’s diseases Whooping-cough (H. Pertussis)

Infectious diseases Are a group of diseases, which are caused by bacteria,

In children's pathology The infectious diseases draw the main attention There is

Common clinical peculiarities of modern infectious diseases less severe clinical manifestations rarity

Periods of Infectious Disease Course Clinically, acute epidemic diseases are characterized by

Incubation period begins from the moment of entry of the causative agent

The period of full developmentmaximally marked causative agent activitythis period of the

Clinical forms The clinical forms of infectious diseases are numerous depend on

Sources of infection patients with clinically marked forms of infection likepatients with

Mode of transmissionthe transmission is by droplet route (measles, rubella, whooping-cough, scarlet fever, epidemic parotitis)

Mode of transmissionfecal-oral one (dysentery, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, paratyphoid A and B

Mode of transmissionoccurs in direct entry of the causative agent into blood

Susceptibility of population Susceptibility is defined by the index of susceptibility or

Age peculiarities of immunity formation 1. The younger is the child, the

Differentiated peculiarities infectious disease of the babies Due to placental immunity babies

Preventive measures The nonspecific prevention: includes measures directed at the improvement of

Elaborated complex of emergency measures are directed at the four stages of

Specific prevention Vaccination (groups of diseases where the epidemic structure may be

TYPES OF VACCINESLive attenuated (oral polio, MMR, BCG, Yellow fever)Killed vaccine –

EVOLUTION OF IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMMESIncidence VaccinecoverageAdverse events(number and/or perception)DiseaseOutbreakVaccinationstopsMaturity of programmeAdapted from: Chen

Whooping-cough (H. Pertussis) ETIOLOGYBordet-Gengou bacillus Haemophilia (Bordetella) pertussis Gram-negative Strictly aerobic Resistance is very low

Epidemiology the source of infection is a sick person particularly infective in

Pathogenesis The portal of entry of infection is the respiratory tract H.

Because of the frequent and prolonged paroxysms of coughing, and the circulatory

Clinical manifestations The incubation period of whooping-cough is 3 to 15 days.

Catarrhal stage is manifested by a moderate rise in temperature, but it

Paroxysmal stage Paroxysms of coughing develop. The paroxysm consists of a series

Paroxysmal stageThe outward appearance of the patient during a fit is characteristic:

Paroxysmal stageAs a result of frequent paroxysms, the patient's face and eyelids

The ulcer on the tongue results from mechanical rubbing of the frenulum

Clinical forms There are three principal forms of whooping-cough: mild, moderate, and

In the moderate form the number of fits varies between 15 and

Complications respiratory bronchitis and bronchopneumonia bronchopneumonia spontaneous pneumotorax emphysema of the mediastinum

THE CIRCULATORY DISORDERS IN THE LUNGS WITH THE GEMORAGIC

In one year old babies whooping-cough incubation period and catarrhal stage

Diagnosis clinical course cyclic character, paroxysmal bouts of coughing with whoops, ending

TreatmentProperly organized regimen and nursing Cold fresh air has a wonderful effect

ProphylaxisMeasures to be taken in an epidemic focus The patient is usually

Active immunization immunization against whooping-cough is given by pertussis - diphtheria -

Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 Infectious diseases
Are a group of diseases, which

Infectious diseases Are a group of diseases, which are caused by

are caused by bacteria, viruses, Protozoa, etc

A common

trait for the majority of infectious diseases is the possibility of transmitting them from one infected patient to a healthy person in certain conditions

Слайд 3 In children's pathology
The infectious diseases draw the

In children's pathology The infectious diseases draw the main attention There

main attention
There is a great variety of acute

respiratory viral infections and their numerous complications

Слайд 4 Common clinical peculiarities of modern infectious diseases
less

Common clinical peculiarities of modern infectious diseases less severe clinical manifestations

severe clinical manifestations
rarity or decrease of malignant forms

(dysentery, scarlet fever, etc)
more frequent cases of mild forms

growth of the amount of atypical forms (scarlet fever, whooping cough, dysentery, etc)
reduction of complication cases

Слайд 5 Periods of Infectious Disease Course
Clinically, acute epidemic

Periods of Infectious Disease Course Clinically, acute epidemic diseases are characterized

diseases are characterized by a cyclic course and subsequent

succession of disease periods and their more or less defined duration:
incubation (latent)
prodromal
full development
convalescence

Слайд 6 Incubation period
begins from the moment of entry

Incubation period begins from the moment of entry of the causative

of the causative agent into the body
ends with

the appearance of the first signs of the disease
in each infection, it has a certain duration, which may change depending on the individual peculiarities of body reactivity and on the dose of the infectious agent

Prodromal period
nonspecific signs of the disease characterize it

Period of conval-escence
renewal of normal functions of the body and its homeostasis

Слайд 7 The period of full development
maximally marked causative agent

The period of full developmentmaximally marked causative agent activitythis period of

activity
this period of the disease is characterized by a

complex of symptoms characteristic for each infectious disease
there are typical syndromes as well (such as rash on the skin and mucous membranes, characteristic organ changes, biochemical disorders, etc.)
common signs (fever, development of dystrophic inflammatory processes, intoxication syndrome)

Слайд 8 Clinical forms
The clinical forms of infectious diseases

Clinical forms The clinical forms of infectious diseases are numerous depend

are numerous
depend on the age,
physical state,
former

diseases,
and influence of the environmental factors

Epidemic process consists
source of infection
mode of transmission
susceptibility of the human body

Слайд 9 Sources of infection

patients with clinically marked forms

Sources of infection patients with clinically marked forms of infection likepatients

of infection like

patients with attenuated and atypical forms of

infectious disease

virus and bacteria carriers

Слайд 10 Mode of transmission
the transmission is by droplet route

(measles, rubella, whooping-cough, scarlet fever, epidemic parotitis)

Слайд 11 Mode of transmission
fecal-oral one (dysentery, salmonellosis, typhoid fever,

Mode of transmissionfecal-oral one (dysentery, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, paratyphoid A and

paratyphoid A and B types, escherichiosis, viral hepatitis A)

Слайд 12 Mode of transmission
occurs in direct entry of the

Mode of transmissionoccurs in direct entry of the causative agent into

causative agent into blood (viral hepatitis B, C, D;

HIV-infection)

Слайд 13 Susceptibility of population
Susceptibility is defined by the

Susceptibility of population Susceptibility is defined by the index of susceptibility

index of susceptibility or contagion that is correlation of

the number of the all people with those in contact
Susceptibility to infection determined of Specific immunity:
active immunity is formed after the disease and vaccinations
passive immunity newborn gets his passive immunity from the mother via placenta

Слайд 14 Age peculiarities of immunity formation
1. The younger

Age peculiarities of immunity formation 1. The younger is the child,

is the child, the slower and the less is

the growth of specific antibodies. At first, antibodies of class M are formed. And later (in the 2-3 month) immunoglobulin G are formed.
2. Babies have not specific response to bacterial toxins. In the 5th-6th month, there is immunity to antitoxins - physiological hypo-activity.
3. Babies have more developed nonspecific factors of defense: systems of complement, properdins; phagocytosis reaction is completely formed before birth.
4. Only babies have transplacental immunity

Слайд 15 Differentiated peculiarities infectious disease of the babies
Due

Differentiated peculiarities infectious disease of the babies Due to placental immunity

to placental immunity babies are unsusceptible to most viral

infectious diseases.
The younger is the child, the more frequently deviations from the typical picture of the disease may be observed.
Children of an early age have the course of the infectious diseases of a septic type more often; toxic forms of the disease occur more seldom.
Frequent development of complications (otitis, pneumonia, etc).
The early age is characterized by prolonged and chronic diseases which are especially often observed in the enteric infections

Слайд 16 Preventive measures
The nonspecific prevention: includes measures directed

Preventive measures The nonspecific prevention: includes measures directed at the improvement

at the improvement of general resistance of the child's

body:
rational nutrition,
physical training,
prevention of rickets hypotrophy.
General prevention measures –
teaching the sanitary-hygienic habits to children,
conducting sanitary educational work with their parents

Слайд 17 Elaborated complex of emergency measures are directed at

Elaborated complex of emergency measures are directed at the four stages

the four stages of the infectious process
isolation of

the patient
measures concerning the people in contact
disinfection
report to the sanitary-epidemiologic authorities

Слайд 18 Specific prevention
Vaccination (groups of diseases where the

Specific prevention Vaccination (groups of diseases where the epidemic structure may

epidemic structure may be changed call controlled infections)
Various gamma-globulins

are used mainly in those who are in contact with the patients

Слайд 19 TYPES OF VACCINES
Live attenuated (oral polio, MMR, BCG,

Yellow fever)
Killed vaccine – whole cell particle or split

vaccines (influenza, IPV, hepatitis A, pertussis)
Subunit vaccines (meningococcal vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae vaccine)
Toxoid (diphtheria, tetanus)
Recombinant antigen (hepatitis B)
Combined vaccines (DTP, MMR, OPV, DTP+Hib+Hep B)

Слайд 20 EVOLUTION OF IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMMES
Incidence

Vaccine
coverage
Adverse events
(number and/or perception)
Disease
Outbreak
Vaccination
stops
Maturity

of programme
Adapted from: Chen RT et al, Vaccine 1994;12:542-50

Слайд 21 Whooping-cough (H. Pertussis)
ETIOLOGY
Bordet-Gengou bacillus Haemophilia (Bordetella) pertussis

Gram-negative
Strictly aerobic
Resistance is very low

Слайд 22 Epidemiology
the source of infection is a sick

Epidemiology the source of infection is a sick person particularly infective

person
particularly infective in the initial stage, but gradually

becomes less contagious
patients continue to discharge H. pertussis up to the 28-30th day
infection is transmitted by the aerial-droplet route, (only by direct, more or less lengthy, contact with a patient)
index of susceptibility is 0.7

Слайд 23 Pathogenesis
The portal of entry of infection is

Pathogenesis The portal of entry of infection is the respiratory tract

the respiratory tract
H. pertussis settles in the mucous

membrane of the bronchi, and bronchioles, but no bacteriemia
The principal pathogenic factor is the toxin produced by H. Pertussis, which brings die cough reflex
The continuous flow of impulses coming from receptors in respiratory tract leads to the development of stable focus of ex-citation in the central nervous system

Слайд 24 Because of the frequent and prolonged paroxysms of

Because of the frequent and prolonged paroxysms of coughing, and the

coughing, and the circulatory disorders in the lungs, pulmonary

ventilation becomes disturbed leading to hypoxemia and hypoxia

Pathogenesis

Слайд 25 Clinical manifestations
The incubation period of whooping-cough is 3

Clinical manifestations The incubation period of whooping-cough is 3 to 15

to 15 days.
The course of the disease can

be divided into three stages:
catarrhal,
paroxysmal
convalescent.

Слайд 26 Catarrhal stage
is manifested by a moderate rise

Catarrhal stage is manifested by a moderate rise in temperature, but

in temperature, but it may sometimes be subfebrile, or

even normal.
by the end of the catarrhal period, the cough progresses in severity and frequency acquiring the character of more or less prolonged paroxysms, occurring mostly at night.
the patient's general state is not much disturbed
the catarrhal stage lasts for 3 to 14 days, but may sometimes be shorter especially in 1-year-old babies.

Слайд 27 Paroxysmal stage
Paroxysms of coughing develop.
The paroxysm

Paroxysmal stage Paroxysms of coughing develop. The paroxysm consists of a

consists of a series of short coughs following one

another in rapid succession without a break.
Then the child makes an inspiration, which owing to laryngeal spasm, is accompanied with a crowing sound (whoops).
A coughing bout often ends in expectoration of a pellet of viscid transparent mucus and sometimes vomiting.

Слайд 28 Paroxysmal stage
The outward appearance of the patient during

Paroxysmal stageThe outward appearance of the patient during a fit is

a fit is characteristic: the face becomes red and

sometimes takes on a cyanotic hue; the cervical veins become engorged; the eyes are bloodshot; the tongue is protruded to the limit, and its tip curves upward

Слайд 29 Paroxysmal stage
As a result of frequent paroxysms, the

Paroxysmal stageAs a result of frequent paroxysms, the patient's face and

patient's face and eyelids become swollen and hemorrhages sometimes

appear in the skin and conjunctiva

Слайд 30 The ulcer on the tongue results from mechanical

The ulcer on the tongue results from mechanical rubbing of the

rubbing of the frenulum against the sharp edges of

the lower incisors
Signs of emphysema are often found on percussion of the lungs.
Auscultation reveals dry rаles and dull moist-rales in pneumonia complications
The pulse rate is increased during paroxysms and there is an elevation of arterial pressure
In the patients blood counts reveal marked leukocytosis and lymphocytosis. The ESR is either lowered or normal

Paroxysmal stage

Слайд 31 Clinical forms
There are three principal forms of

Clinical forms There are three principal forms of whooping-cough: mild, moderate,

whooping-cough: mild, moderate, and severe
In the mild form

the frequency of coughing fits is between five and fifteen a day
only rarely end in vomiting
The patient's condition is undisturbed

Слайд 32 In the moderate form
the number of fits

In the moderate form the number of fits varies between 15

varies between 15 and 24
with several whoops

In

the severe form
numerous bouts of coughing of 25 to 30, or more, a day
Paroxysms are severe and last up to 15 min, with 10 whoops, and always terminate in vomiting
disturbed sleep, loss of appetite, loss of weight, adynamia and often a long febrile state are noted

Clinical forms

Слайд 33 Complications
respiratory bronchitis and bronchopneumonia
bronchopneumonia
spontaneous pneumotorax

Complications respiratory bronchitis and bronchopneumonia bronchopneumonia spontaneous pneumotorax emphysema of the

emphysema of the mediastinum
the nervous system is most

often affected - epileptiform convulsions and encephalopathy

Слайд 34 THE CIRCULATORY DISORDERS IN THE LUNGS WITH THE

GEMORAGIC

Слайд 35 In one year old babies whooping-cough
incubation period

and
catarrhal stage is usually
shorter
the

fits of coughing often cause apnoea
mental confusion, attacks of epileptiform convulsions, and twitching of the facial muscles are also more common
respiratory complications (bronchitis and bronchopneumonia) are more frequent

Слайд 36 Diagnosis
clinical course
cyclic character, paroxysmal bouts of

Diagnosis clinical course cyclic character, paroxysmal bouts of coughing with whoops,

coughing with whoops, ending with vomiting, typical appearance of

the patient

hematological shifts
results of X-ray examination of the chest
analysis of the epidemiological situation

Bacteriological tests
Agglutination and complement

Слайд 37 Treatment
Properly organized regimen and nursing
Cold fresh air

TreatmentProperly organized regimen and nursing Cold fresh air has a wonderful

has a wonderful effect on patients.
Antibiotics are successfully

used today as a specific (etiotropic) therapy of whooping-cough. Erythromycin, ampicillin, amycacin, are given in the catarrhal or early spasmodic period.
In order to attenuate the pertussis attacks, neuroplegics are recommended: aminazine, propazone.
Oxygen therapy (oxygen tent) is especially valuable in pertussis.

Слайд 38 Prophylaxis
Measures to be taken in an epidemic focus

ProphylaxisMeasures to be taken in an epidemic focus The patient is

The patient is usually left at home and put

in a separate room or behind a screen.
Hospitalization
in severe and complicated forms of whooping-cough,
particularly in children under two years of age,
children from families living in poor conditions,
and from families where there are babies under six months of age.
patients are isolated for 30 days from the onset of the disease