or are saved on itself tracks of crime or
were the objects of criminal acts of accused are material evidences.They are explored by medico-legal experts, forensic chemists and specialist in crime detection.
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Презентация на тему Forensic medicine
Содержание
- 2. MATERIAL EVIDENCEObjects which are served as crime
- 3. MATERIAL EVIDENCEAxe, rolling-pin, knives, screw-driver, scissors, iron, revolver
- 4. MATERIAL EVIDENCE Electrical cable, rope, penknife, billiards ball with blood stains, bullets
- 5. MATERIAL EVIDENCECloth with tear and blood stains , coat with blood stains
- 6. MATERIAL EVIDENCESketch of knife, fragment of skin with wounds, skull with the fracture
- 7. FORENSIC-MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF THE MATERIAL EVIDENCESThere are
- 8. FORENSIC-MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF THE MATERIAL EVIDENCES IN
- 9. FORENSIC-MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF THE MATERIAL EVIDENCES IN
- 10. FORENSIC-MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF BLOOD IN A FORENSIC-MEDICAL
- 11. The objects are taken by a
- 12. The objects taken by a medico-legal
- 13. INVESTIGATION OF THE SCENE OF CRIME (BLLOD STAINS ON THE FLOOR AND WALL)
- 14. Sometimes, something contaminated with
- 15. 1. Whether the stain
- 16. 4. What
- 17. All blood stains should be sent
- 18. COLLECTION OF BLOOD STAINS 1. A clean
- 19. COLLECTION OF BLOOD STAINSTaking of blood on gauze, example of clean gauze
- 20. EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINSIn the case of
- 21. EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINSThe position of all
- 22. EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINSThe size and the
- 23. EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINSI. General examination:Scene of
- 24. EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINSIII. Microscopical and microchemical
- 25. GENERAL EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINS
- 26. GENERAL EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINSScene of the
- 27. GENERAL EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINS Scene of
- 28. GENERAL EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINS Scene of the
- 29. GENERAL EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINSPart of the
- 30. GENERAL EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINSPart of the
- 31. MICROSCOPIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF BLOODMICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION
- 32. MICROSCOPIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF BLOODSPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
- 33. MICROSCOPIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF BLOODSPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
- 34. SPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATIONOxyhaemoglobinReduced haemoglobin Carbon monoxide haemoglobin MethaemoglobinAlcaline haematinHaemochromogenHaematoporphyrin
- 35. SEROLOGICAL EXAMINATIONPrecipitin Test:Blood serum contains protein in
- 36. SEROLOGICAL EXAMINATION1. Precipitin Test:The antibodies causing this
- 37. THE BLOOD GROUPS and TYPES SYSTEMSThe blood
- 38. THE BLOOD GROUPS and TYPES SYSTEMSThe blood
- 39. RED CELL ANTIGENSThe ABO System: Human blood
- 40. RED CELL ANTIGENS A and В are both
- 41. RED CELL ANTIGENS The other phenotypes are AB
- 42. RED CELL ANTIGENSThe MNSs System: Two further
- 43. RED CELL ANTIGENSThe Rh System: The Rhesus
- 44. RED CELL ANTIGENSThe Rh System: A complex
- 45. BLOOD GROUPS AND HEREDITYThe ABO, MN, and
- 46. BLOOD GROUPS AND HEREDITY3) The combination of
- 47. BLOOD GROUPS AND HEREDITYThe rules of inheritance
- 48. BLOOD GROUPS AND HEREDITY3) In matings where
- 49. BLOOD GROUPS AND HEREDITYRules of inheritance of
- 50. DNA FINGERPRINTINGEach human nucleus contains about a
- 51. DNA FINGERPRINTINGThe length, constitution, and number of
- 52. MEDICO-LEGAL IMPORTANCE DNA FINGERPRINTING The blood on
- 53. MEDICO-LEGAL IMPORTANCE DNA FINGERPRINTING 4) It can
- 54. EXAMINATION OF SEMINAL FLUIDSeminal stains have to
- 55. EXAMINATION OF SEMINAL FLUIDThe fluid is alkaline
- 56. MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF EXAMINATION OF SEMINAL FLUID.Examination
- 57. EXAMINATION OF SEMINAL FLUIDCOLLECTION OF MATERIAL:Dried or
- 58. EXAMINATION OF SEMINAL FLUIDPhysical Examination.Chemical Examination:
- 59. EXAMINATION OF SEMINAL FLUID4) Precipitin Test: The principle
- 60. EXAMINATION OF HAIR Questions are decided:Are there the hair?
- 61. 2. Are there the hair – of human or animal? EXAMINATION OF HAIR
- 62. 2. Are there the hair – of human or animal? EXAMINATION OF HAIR
- 63. 3. What region of body is a hair from? (head, beard, moustache, pubis)EXAMINATION OF HAIR
- 64. 4. Did hair pull out or did
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- 66. Похожие презентации
MATERIAL EVIDENCEObjects which are served as crime instruments or are saved on itself tracks of crime or were the objects of criminal acts of accused are material evidences.They are explored by medico-legal experts, forensic chemists and
Слайд 2
MATERIAL EVIDENCE
Objects which are served as crime instruments
They are explored by medico-legal experts, forensic chemists and specialist in crime detection.
Слайд 4
MATERIAL EVIDENCE
Electrical cable, rope, penknife, billiards ball
with blood stains, bullets
Слайд 7
FORENSIC-MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF THE MATERIAL EVIDENCES
There are performed
by specialists having general forensic-medical education and the special
training in area of research of material evidences.There are 3 stages in research of material evidences :
1 stage. Discovery, withdrawal, packing and sending.
2 stages. Research of material evidences in laboratories.
3 stages. Interpretation of the results.
Слайд 8 FORENSIC-MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF THE MATERIAL EVIDENCES IN A
FORENSIC-MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGICAL LABORATORY
Forensic Immunological Examinations are carried out to
establish presence, kind and group-belonging of objects of biological origin.
Слайд 9 FORENSIC-MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF THE MATERIAL EVIDENCES IN A
FORENSIC-MEDICAL CRIMINALISTICS LABORATORY
Medico-Criminalistic Examinations are carried out to establish
the instruments of the trauma, their differentiation and identification, personal identification, definition of the nature and element structure of microobjects, traces, reconstruction of the situation in which damages were caused.
Слайд 10
FORENSIC-MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF BLOOD IN A FORENSIC-MEDICAL TOXICOLOGICAL
LABORATORY
Forensic Toxicological Examinations are carried out to reveal and
determine chemical substances in objects of biological origin and other proofs.Слайд 11 The objects are taken by a medico-legal
expert at autopsy and at examination of victim can
be sent in a laboratory: pull out hairs with bulbs, cut off nailsСлайд 12 The objects taken by a medico-legal expert
at autopsy and at examination of victim can be
sent in a laboratory: blood, bile
Слайд 14
Sometimes, something contaminated with other
materials come to tremendous help in medico-legal and other
forensic investigations.For example, when a weapon is found stained with blood of the victim of assault, then it becomes very much reasonable to suspect that, that particular weapon might have been used to injure the victim.
Blood of the victim on the weapon here acts as trace evidence to link the weapon with the assault on the basis of which further investigation proceeds.
Blood itself is a very important entity in medico-legal practices, which alone or along with other trace evidence play key role to unfold different criminal problems
BLOOD AS TRACE EVIDENCE
Слайд 15
1. Whether the stain is
due to blood or some other material?
2.
If it is due to blood, then whether it is of human origin or it belongs to some other animal?3. What is the source of the bleeding.
a) Is it from arterial or venous source?
b) Does it belong to the victim or the accused?
c) Is it from an injury or due to haemoptysis, menstruation or miscarriage?
MEDICO-LEGAL QUESTIONS
Слайд 16
4. What
is the sex of the person?
5.
What is the group of blood?6. Is it blood of the adult person or newborn child?
MEDICO-LEGAL QUESTIONS
Слайд 17
All blood stains should be sent to
the Forensic-medical immunology laboratory.
The stained article is allowed
to dry at room temperature. Extra heat should not be used as this will cause deterioration of the stain.
If the stained clothes are not dried, putrefaction sets in and it becomes difficult or impossible to know whether the blood is of human or animal origin.
Слайд 18
COLLECTION OF BLOOD STAINS
1. A clean piece
of white filter paper may be used, allowing blood
to soak into it, then drying it at room temperature.2. If the object is porous, a portion of unstained area should also be taken if this is practical.
3. If the object is non-porous and particularly if it is metallic, stains can be removed by scraping and placed in small glass containers.
4. Stains on clothing may be scraped off or a fragment of the material cut.
Слайд 20
EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINS
In the case of clothing,
type of garment, its colour and consistence should be
noted and if the garment is torn, the position of the tears should be noted.Both the outer and inner surfaces of the garments should be examined.
STAINS OF CLOTHING
Слайд 21
EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINS
The position of all stains
should be given correctly by a description of the
stain in its relation to the manner in which a garment is usually worn, e.g., a stain on the trousers should be described as being above, behind, or to the outer side of the knee.Stains may also be described in relation to the pockets, the buttons or the seams of a garment.
STAINS OF CLOTHING
Слайд 22
EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINS
The size and the shape
of the stain should be noted.
If the stain
is in the form of a smear, its general direction should be noted.Blood stains are extremely resistant to washing by water.
Dried blood on a dead body or article is very resistant for quite a long time even though the body has been totally submerged.
STAINS OF CLOTHING
Слайд 23
EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINS
I. General examination:
Scene of the
crime.
Part of the body from which stain is derived.
Age
of Blood Stains.Sex and Age of Person.
Living or Dead Body.
Source of Blood.
II. Chemical examination:
Phenolphtalein Test
Ortho-tolidine Test.
Слайд 24
EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINS
III. Microscopical and microchemical examination:
Red Corpuscles.
Haemin Crystal Test (Teichmann's Test).
Haemochromogen Crystal
Test (Takayama Test).IV. Spectroscopic examination
V. Serological examination
Слайд 25
GENERAL EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINS
Scene of the crime:
When much blood is present it suggests serious injury during life, but if a large vessel is cut, bleeding can occur after death.
2. The collection of a pool of blood near the body during life indicates that the deceased fell unconscious and remained immobile after the injury.
3. A trail of blood stains will indicate that the victim was wounded at some distance from the place at which the body is found.
Слайд 26
GENERAL EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINS
Scene of the crime:
4. It can happen when the victim is attacked
while running or in case of suicide. 5. Blood coming from the arteries of a living person will be scattered in fine spray over the surface upon which it has fallen.
6. Venous bleeding is a slow steady flow, causing a pool if the victim is at rest, and separate widely spaced drops, if the victim walks about.
Слайд 27
GENERAL EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINS
Scene of the
crime:
The direction of the fall of
blood on to a surface may be recognized:- if it drops vertically on to flat surface, the stains are circular.
- If the height does not exceed a few cm, the drop appears as a round spot.
- If it has travelled thirty cm. or more, it shows prickly edges, the projections growing finer and larger in number with the increase in length.
Слайд 28
GENERAL EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINS
Scene of the crime:
- When
the height is still greater ray-like splashes break out from the drop, and may be seen up to a distance of twenty cm.- Splashes of blood striking a surface obliquely may appear like spears or exclamation marks;
- the pointed end indicates the direction of the motion.
- When blood falls upon porous articles or clothing, such as linen or cotton, it is absorbed and spreads.
- Smears caused by fingers or palms are helpful in identification.
Слайд 29
GENERAL EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINS
Part of the body
from which stain is derived:
Menstrual blood is usually
found on female garments, diapers or pieces of cloth.It is dark and fluid, has a disagreeable smell and the reaction is acid.
On microscopic examination it shows endometrial and vaginal epithelial cells and number of microorganisms. It contains fibrinolysins.
If the blood is from the nose, mucus and hair from the nose may be found.
Слайд 30
GENERAL EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINS
Part of the body
from which stain is derived:
- Vomited blood is
of chocolate colour and acid in reaction due to the action of gastric juice. - Blood due to haemoptysis is bright-red and frothy, with alkaline reaction.
- In blood due to rape, semen and pubic hair may be found.
- Blood stains due to the boils and sores show a smeared appearance without definite drops of blood, and may contain pus cells and bacteria.
Слайд 31
MICROSCOPIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF BLOOD
MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION
Red
Corpuscles: Intact red cells are seen only when the
stains are fresh, or when a fragment of clot is available.The red cells become unrecognizable when dried.
Red blood cells are circular, biconcave, non-nucleated discs in all mammals except camels.
In camels they are oval and biconvex but non-nucleated.
In birds, fishes, amphibian and reptiles they are oval, biconvex and nucleated.
Слайд 32
MICROSCOPIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF BLOOD
SPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
It
is the most delicate and reliable test for detecting
the presence of blood in both recent and old stains.The blood stain is dissolved in water, normal saline, or dilute ammonia, and is placed in a small glass test tube, which is then put between the spectroscope and the source of the light.
Слайд 33
MICROSCOPIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF BLOOD
SPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
The
extract of the blood must be dilute and if
turbid it should be filtered.The solution of the blood has the property of absorbing some of the rays from the spectrum, producing characteristic dark absorption bands, which vary with the type of the blood pigment present.
Слайд 34
SPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Oxyhaemoglobin
Reduced haemoglobin
Carbon monoxide haemoglobin
Methaemoglobin
Alcaline haematin
Haemochromogen
Haematoporphyrin
Слайд 35
SEROLOGICAL EXAMINATION
Precipitin Test:
Blood serum contains protein in colloidal
suspension, and when human serum is injected into an
animal, the animal becomes immunized against these proteins, and antibodies develop in its blood.If human serum is then brought into contact with this animal serum, the antibodies in the animal serum react with the proteins in the human serum, and a visible precipitate forms.
Слайд 36
SEROLOGICAL EXAMINATION
1. Precipitin Test:
The antibodies causing this reaction
are known as precipitins, and the animal serum is
known as an anti-human precipitin serum.A rabbit or a fowl is injected with human blood every third day for 3-5 injections. After this the animal is killed, and the antiserum is collected.
A suitable antiserum should react immediately or within a minute on the 1:1,000 dilution.
Слайд 37
THE BLOOD GROUPS and TYPES SYSTEMS
The blood group
systems in use are:
1) Red cell antigens:
- The ABO
System: 1 group - О (α β )
2 group - А (β)
3 group - В (α)
4 group - АВ (0).
The Systems: M, N,MN, Ss, P,
Rh (C,c,D,d,E,e), li, Kell,
Kidd, Duffy, Lutheran, Lewis,
Xg System
2) White cell antigens HLA.
Слайд 38
THE BLOOD GROUPS and TYPES SYSTEMS
The blood group
systems in use are:
3) Serum protein polymorphism.
- Serum Haptoglobins
-
Gc Groups- Ag Groups
- Gm Blood Serum Polymorphism
- Km System
4) Red cell enzyme polymorphisms:
- red cell acid phosphatase (EAP),
- serum cholinesterase (SCE),
- 6-phospho-gluconate dehydrogenase (G-6PD).
Слайд 39
RED CELL ANTIGENS
The ABO System:
Human blood may
be divided into four distinct blood groups, А, В,
АВ and O, depending upon the presence in the red cells of two agglutinogens which are designated by the letters A and B.The А, В and O, characters are inherited by means of three allelomorphic genes, every individual having two chromosomes each carrying А, В or О, one from each parent.
Thus the possible genotypes are AA, АО, BB, BO, AB, and OO.
Group A type may thus be AA or АО.
Слайд 40
RED CELL ANTIGENS
A and В are both "dominant"
to O, and О is "recessive" to A and
B, whereas A and В are equally dominant.AA, the homozygote, cannot be serologically differentiated from АО, the heterozygote, and the same occurs with the genotypes, BB and BO, the serologically demonstrable blood groups (phenotype) in each case being A and B.
Слайд 41
RED CELL ANTIGENS
The other phenotypes are AB and
О.
А has two subgroups A1 and A2.
These
are also found in group AB giving rise to subgroups A1B and A2B. Subgroups A3, A4 and A5 are weak and very rare.
Anti-A or α and Anti-B or β agglutinins are normally developed in the serum against whichever agglutinogens are absent from the red blood cells.
There is no positive method of identifying the 'silent' gene O.
Слайд 42
RED CELL ANTIGENS
The MNSs System:
Two further agglutinogens
M and N, which are quite distinct and independent
of the agglutinogens A and B, occur in human blood.The M and N factors are inherited as Mendelian dominants. They are present at birth.
They form three groups, M, N and MN.
Anti-M and Anti-N agglutinins are not normally developed in human sera but, they may be present rarely.
The agglutinogens, M and N are feebly antigenic.
The subgroup S is closely allied to the MN system.
The phenotypes are: MS. NS, MNS, MNs, NSs, MNSs.
Слайд 43
RED CELL ANTIGENS
The Rh System:
The Rhesus factor
was detected originally by the use of serum from
a rabbit which has been immunized against the red blood cells of the Rhesus monkey, and hence the term Rh factor.This factor is present in the red cells of 85 to 90 percent of individuals, who are known as Rh-positive. the remainder Rh-negative.
Слайд 44
RED CELL ANTIGENS
The Rh System:
A complex
of antigens is involved, six in number,
named Cc,
Dd. and Ее, each of which is capable of producing antibodies, although they are all not equally powerful in this respect.The Rh antigens can be detected in a foetus after six weeks of pregnancy.
Слайд 45
BLOOD GROUPS AND HEREDITY
The ABO, MN, and Rh
factors are inherited according to Mendelian principles.
The rules
of inheritance of ABO system are: Agglutinogen A or В cannot appear in the child unless it is present in one or both parents.
2) Agglutionogen A1 or A2 cannot appear in the blood of the child unless it is present in one or both parents.
Слайд 46
BLOOD GROUPS AND HEREDITY
3) The combination of A1B
parent with A2 child and vice versa cannot occur.
4)
An О parent cannot have an AB child and an AB parent cannot have О child.5) Parents of АО and АО genotype may have a OO child.
6) Parents of AA or АО genotype may have A child.
Слайд 47
BLOOD GROUPS AND HEREDITY
The rules of inheritance for
MN system are:
1) Agglutinogens M and N, cannot appear
in the blood of a child unless present in one or both parents. 2) A type M parent cannot produce a type N child,
and conversely an N parent cannot produce M child.
Слайд 48
BLOOD GROUPS AND HEREDITY
3) In matings where both
parents are homozygous type M or N, the children
are always of the same type as the parents.4) In matings where one parent is type M and other type N, all children are type MN.
5) In matings where one parent is homozygous (M or N) the children are of parental types in fifty to fifty ratio.
6) In matings where the parents are both MN, children of all three types are possible.
Слайд 49
BLOOD GROUPS AND HEREDITY
Rules of inheritance of Rh
groups are:
1) Rh-negative parents cannot produce an Rh-positive child.
2)
Rh-positive and mixed parents can have Rh-positive and Rh-negative children.
Слайд 50
DNA FINGERPRINTING
Each human nucleus contains about a metre
of DNA, but only ten percent is used for
genetic coding, the rest being redundant or silent segments (stutters; hyper variable regions (HVR); minisatellites).Of these redundant segment, there may be two hundred to fourteen thousand repeats of each identical sequence on each DNA strand.
These segments of nucleotides are called "repetitive DNA".
Слайд 51
DNA FINGERPRINTING
The length, constitution, and number of the
repetitive sequences are different for each person, but are
unique for an individual (except unovular twins), and are stably inherited in a Mandelian fashion. This method is as unique as fingerprints to an individual.Nucleated cells are the source of DNA for extraction from blood, semen, vaginal epithelial cells, tooth pulp, bone marrow, hair roots, muscle, skin, mucous membranes, etc.
Because every person’s DNA sequence is different, the fragments in DNA specimen from one individual to another are different in number and length, from those in a DNA specimen from another individual.
Слайд 52
MEDICO-LEGAL IMPORTANCE DNA FINGERPRINTING
The blood on a
weapon can be matched against the blood of the
victim.2) Hair roots found on a weapon can be matched against the blood of the victim and accused.
3) Seminal fluid recovered from the vagina of a victim can be matched against the blood of an accused.
Слайд 53
MEDICO-LEGAL IMPORTANCE DNA FINGERPRINTING
4) It can exonerate
a falsely implicated person in a crime.
5)
Paternity can be established positively.6) It can be applied for tracing pedigrees and for establishing family relationship.
7) Identification of victims of accident, mass disasters, mutilated bodies can be made by matching prints with prints of parents or close relatives.
Слайд 54
EXAMINATION OF SEMINAL FLUID
Seminal stains have to be
detected in cases of rape or attempted rape, sexual
murder of the female, sodomy and bestiality. Fertility of the fluid has to be proved in civil cases, e.g., disputed paternity.Semen is greyish- yellow, thick, jelly-like and sticky when fresh.
The quantity of seminal fluid in a single emission is two to five ml. and contains about 60 to 150 million sperms per ml. of which 90 % are motile at the time of ejaculation.
Слайд 55
EXAMINATION OF SEMINAL FLUID
The fluid is alkaline with
a pH of 7.4.
The stains are usually found
on the clothing but may be found on the person of either the victim or the accused. They may also be found on bed clothes, on floor or on the grass where the offence was committed.
Seminal stains have to be differentiated from those due to starch, pus.
Слайд 56
MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF EXAMINATION OF SEMINAL FLUID.
Examination of
seminal fluid is important on the many accounts:
Civil importance:
Compensation
on the ground acquired sterilityDisputed paternity
Legitimacy
Artificial insemination and other.
Criminal importance: in relation to sex offence cases
Concerning commission of sex offence
Identification of the offender.
Слайд 57
EXAMINATION OF SEMINAL FLUID
COLLECTION OF MATERIAL:
Dried or drying
seminal fluid on the perineum or thighs is collected
with a wet throat swab.Fluid from the vagina is collected with a pipette or throat swab inserted with or without the aid of a speculum.
3. The pubic hair should be removed and placed in a small container.
4. A portion of cloth containing the stain is cut out, dried and preserved.
5. Stains on smooth, impervious surface should be gently scraped off with the point of a knife into a glass container.
Слайд 58
EXAMINATION OF SEMINAL FLUID
Physical Examination.
Chemical Examination:
a) Florens Test,
b) Barberios Test,
c) The Acid Phosphatase Test,d) Creatine Phosphokinase.
3) Microscopic Examination
Слайд 59
EXAMINATION OF SEMINAL FLUID
4) Precipitin Test:
The principle is
the same as that for blood.
Spermatozoa of rat (1);
rabbit (2); horse (3); human (4,5)5) Group of Seminal Fluid:
The specific aglutinable substances A and B are present in the semen of secretors.
As such, the group of the individual may be determined.
Слайд 64 4. Did hair pull out or did it
fall out?
5. Had hair additionally physical and chemical influences?
6.
Can hair belong to the certain person?EXAMINATION OF HAIR
