Презентация на тему Ointments, creams and gels

Gels
V. Miscellaneous semisolid preparations: pastes and plasters

and use of ophthalmic ointments and gels
VIII. Features and

intended for topical application.
They may be applied to the

Semisolid Dosage Forms

软膏剂
Ointments

霜剂
Creams

凝胶剂
Gels

systemic effects.

A topical dermatological product is designed to deliver

through the skin (percutaneous absorption) to the general circulation

external application to the skin or mucous membranes.
Ointments

USP into four general groups:
hydrocarbon bases
absorption bases
water-removable bases
water-soluble bases

application to the skin




1) Hydrocarbon bases
protect against the

emollient effect

occlusive dressings

obtained from petroleum.
It is an unctuous mass, varying in

hydrocarbons from petroleum that has been wholly or nearly

and petrolatum (950g).
Yellow wax is the purified wax obtained

substituting white wax and white petrolatum in the formula.

types:
Those that permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions resulting

easily removed from the skin with water washing since

for the preparation of 1000 g:

Cholesterol 30 g
Stearyl alcohol（硬脂醇） 30 g
White

purified, wax-like substance that has been cleaned, deodorized, and

creams in appearance.
Because the external phase of the

the preparation of about 1000 g:
Methylparaben 0.25g
Propylparaben 0.15g
Sodium lauryl sulfate（月桂醇硫酸钠） 10g
Propylene glycol（丙二醇） 120g
Stearyl

white petrolatum are melted together at about 75°C. The

components.
They are completely water-washable and often referred to

of ethylene oxide and water represented by the formula:

the drug substance from the ointment base;
Desirability for topical

of the drug on the consistency or other features

methods:

Incorporation （加入法）
Fusion（融合法）

The method used depends primarily on the

mixed until a uniform preparation is attained.
Incorporation of

with a portion of the base until uniform.

The

smaller quantity of the two ingredients.

approximately equal in size to the drug.

Spatulate the mixture.

the spatulated mixture that is about the same size.


Spatulate

used.

Spatulate after each addition.

size of a powder or crystalline material before incorporation

about equal in volume to the solid material.
A

drugs are added to an ointment only after due

quite well to oleaginous vehicles or emulsion bases.

On a

of the components of an ointment are combined by

be conducted in a porcelain dish（陶瓷盘） or glass beaker.
On

磨成细粉，过100～120目筛，与基质混匀。
可溶性药物 溶于适宜溶剂 基质混匀。
半固体粘稠药物，煤焦油（表面活性剂），固体浸膏（乙醇）
挥发性共熔组分

主药（过9号筛）
凡士林 100g

100g
羊毛脂 100g
石 蜡

尿 素 100g

meet acceptable standards for microbial content and preparations which

growth in topical preparations are:
methylparaben,
propylparaben,
phenols,
benzoic

involves the determination of the net weight or volume

or in metal or plastic tubes;
In well-closed containers to

pharmaceutical products, the USP directs that the labeling for

manufacturers often examine semisolid preparations

for viscosity
for in

除另有规定外，软膏剂用于大面积烧伤及严重损伤的皮肤时，照无菌检查法项下的方法检查，应符合规定。

one or more medical agents dissolved or dispersed in

and in products used rectally and vaginally.
Many patients and

dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous

carboxymethylcellulose （羧甲基纤维素）,
hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose（羟丙基甲基纤维素）,
Tragacanth（黄芪胶）.

gels may be formulated to contain a drug substance,

Gelling agent
Water
Preservatives
Stabilizers

various routes including topically to the skin, to the

preparations intended for application to the skin;
They generally contain

ointments.
Because of the stiffness of pastes, they remain in

spread upon a backing material of paper, fabic（布）, moleskin（兽皮）

(15%), glycerin (40%), water (35%), and an added medical

the mixture to cool with stirring until congealed.

Glycerogelatin are

above body temperature, and applied to the affected area

nasal,
vaginal, and rectal
semisolid products
tubes

a small scale in the pharmacy by carefully transferring

open back end of the tube, opposite from the

are used for the large-scale packaging of semisolid pharmaceuticals.

Depending

skin diseases, the drug in a medicated application should

stratum corneum (the outer layer),

the living epidermis,

the

subcutaneous fat tissue into the dermis and subcutaneous layers

for drug molecules, but because their relative surface area

layer depends on
the drug concentration in the vehicle,
its aqueous

measures with clinical efficacy often varying between patients and

than do hydrophilic or water-washable bases.
Pastes offer even greater

understands
the proper method of administration,
frequency and duration

gels
The major route by which drugs enter the eye

lipophilic epithelial layer,
a hydrophilic stromal layer,
an less lipophilic endothelial

short residence time that ophthalmic preparations have on the

be non-irritating to the eye,
must permit the diffusion of

petrolatum and liquid petrolatum,
lanolin,
polyethylene glycol,
mineral oil.

ophthalmic ointments also must meet

the USP Sterility Tests
the

gels
The nose is a respiratory organ which is a

for localized effects on the mucous membranes and underlying

the systemic absorption of a number of drugs including
butorphanol

administration of insulin, vaccines and a number of other

creams are used for topical application to the perianal

and lubricants (e.g., cocoa butter, lanolin)
local anesthetics (e.g., pramoxine

into the general circulation via the network of three

include
combinations of polyethylene glycol 300 and 3350,
emulsion cream bases

surface is lined with squamous（皱纹状）epithelium cells and mucous produced

anti-infective products are

Nystatin （制霉菌素）
Clotrimazole （克霉唑）
Miconazole （咪康唑）
Clindamycin （氯洁霉素）
Sulfonamides （磺胺类药物）

hormonal substances dienestrol（双烯雌酚） and progesterone（黄体酮） which are used to

packaged in tubes, vaginal foams in aerosol canisters.