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Презентация на тему Variants of the English Language

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2. 1. The Main Variants of the English
3. For historical and economic reasons the English
4. In modern linguistics the distinction is made
5. Standard Englishmay be defined as that form
6. Variants of English are regional variants possessing
7. British Englishis often referred to the written
8. 2. Variants of English in the United
9. 2.1. Scottish Englishhas a long tradition as
10. Lexical peculiarities of Scottish English Some semantic
11. Some words used in Scottish English have
12. Many words which have the same form,
13. 2.2. Irish Englishsubsumes all the Englishes of
14. The Irish English vocabulary is characterized by:
15. the use of most regionally marked words
16. the Gaelic influence on meanings of some
17. the layer of words shared with Scottish
18. 3. Variants of English outside the British
19. a) Historical Americanisms: fall – ‘autumn’; to
20. b) Proper Americanisms were not discovered in
21. c) Specifically American borrowings reflect the historical
22. d) American shortenings: dorm – dormitory; mo
23. 2. Canadian English is the variety of
24. 3. Australian English is similar to British
25. Australian English has a unique set of
26. 4. New Zealand English is the variety
27. Many local words in New Zealand English
28. 5. South African English is the variety
29. In South African English there are words
30. 6. Indian English is the variety of
31. Words used only in Indian English are:crore
32. There some phonetic peculiarities of Indian English,
33. 4. Some Peculiarities of British English and
35. 2) Lexical differences: Cases where different words
36. Cases where one (or more) lexico-semantic variant(s)
37. Cases where there are no equivalent words
38. 3) Derivational and morphological peculiarities: Such affixes as
39. Am.E. sometimes favours words that are morphologically
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1. The Main Variants of the English LanguageEvery language allows different kinds of variations: geographical or territorial, perhaps the most obvious, stylistic, the difference between the written and the spoken form of the standard national language

Variants of the English Language Lecture 15

For historical and economic reasons the English language has spread over vast

In modern linguistics the distinction is made between Standard English, territorial variants

Standard Englishmay be defined as that form of English which is current

Variants of English are regional variants possessing a literary norm. There are

British Englishis often referred to the written Standard English and the pronunciation

2. Variants of English in the United KingdomBesides British English, there are

2.1. Scottish Englishhas a long tradition as a separate written and spoken

Lexical peculiarities of Scottish English Some semantic fields are structured differently in

Some words used in Scottish English have equivalents in British English, e.g.

Many words which have the same form, but different meanings in Scottish

2.2. Irish Englishsubsumes all the Englishes of the Ireland. The two main

The Irish English vocabulary is characterized by: the presence of words with

the use of most regionally marked words by older, often rural people,

the Gaelic influence on meanings of some words, e.g. to destroy and

the layer of words shared with Scottish English, e.g. ava – ‘at

3. Variants of English outside the British IslesAmerican English is the variety

a) Historical Americanisms: fall – ‘autumn’; to guess – ‘to think’; sick

b) Proper Americanisms were not discovered in British vocabulary: redbud – ‘an

c) Specifically American borrowings reflect the historical contacts of the Americans with

d) American shortenings: dorm – dormitory; mo – moment; cert – certainly.

2. Canadian English is the variety of the English language used in

3. Australian English is similar to British English, but also borrows from

Australian English has a unique set of diminutives formed by adding –o

4. New Zealand English is the variety of the English language spoken

Many local words in New Zealand English were borrowed from the Maori

5. South African English is the variety of the English language used

In South African English there are words that do not exist in

6. Indian English is the variety of the English language spoken widely

Words used only in Indian English are:crore – ‘ten millions’; scheduled tribe

There some phonetic peculiarities of Indian English, for example, rhotic [r] is

4. Some Peculiarities of British English and American EnglishThe American variant of

2) Lexical differences: Cases where different words are used for the same

Cases where one (or more) lexico-semantic variant(s) is (are) specific to either

Cases where there are no equivalent words in one of the variants,

3) Derivational and morphological peculiarities: Such affixes as –ee, -ster, -super are more

Am.E. sometimes favours words that are morphologically more complex: transportation – transport

English is now the dominant or official language in over 60 countries,

Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 1. The Main Variants of the English Language
Every

1. The Main Variants of the English LanguageEvery language allows different

language allows different kinds of variations: geographical or territorial,

perhaps the most obvious, stylistic, the difference between the written and the spoken form of the standard national language and others.

Слайд 3 For historical and economic reasons the English language

For historical and economic reasons the English language has spread over

has spread over vast territories. It is the national

language of England proper, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and some provinces of Canada. It is the official language in Wales, Scotland, in Gibraltar and on the island of Malta.

Слайд 4 In modern linguistics the distinction is made between

In modern linguistics the distinction is made between Standard English, territorial

Standard English, territorial variants and local dialects of the

English language.

Слайд 5 Standard English
may be defined as that form of

Standard Englishmay be defined as that form of English which is

English which is current and literary, substantially uniform and

recognized as acceptable wherever English is spoken or understood. Standard English is the variety most widely accepted and understood either within an English-speaking country or throughout the entire English-speaking world.

Слайд 6 Variants of English
are regional variants possessing a

Variants of English are regional variants possessing a literary norm. There

literary norm. There are distinguished variants existing on the

territory of the United Kingdom (British English, Scottish English and Irish English), and variants existing outside the British Isles (American English, Canadian English, New Zealand English, South African English and Indian English).

Слайд 7 British English
is often referred to the written Standard

British Englishis often referred to the written Standard English and the

English and the pronunciation known as Received Pronunciation (RP).

Слайд 8 2. Variants of English in the United Kingdom
Besides

2. Variants of English in the United KingdomBesides British English, there

British English, there are two other variants of the

English language existing on the territory of the United Kingdom: Scottish English and Irish English, which have a special linguistic status

Слайд 9 2.1. Scottish English
has a long tradition as a

2.1. Scottish Englishhas a long tradition as a separate written and

separate written and spoken variety. Pronunciation, grammar and lexis

differ from other varieties of English existing on the territory of the British Isles. It can be explained by its historical development.
The identity of Scottish English reflects an institutionalized social structure, as it is most noticeable in the realm of law, local government, religion, and education.

Слайд 10 Lexical peculiarities of Scottish English
Some semantic fields

Lexical peculiarities of Scottish English Some semantic fields are structured differently

are structured differently in Scottish English and in British

English, e.g. the term minor in British English is used to denote a person below the age of 18 years, while Scottish law distinguishes between pupils (to age 12 for girls and 14 for boys) and minors (older children up to 18);

Слайд 11 Some words used in Scottish English have equivalents

Some words used in Scottish English have equivalents in British English,

in British English, e.g. (ScE) extortion – (BrE) blackmail;

A great deal of the distinctiveness of Scottish English derived from the influence of other languages, especially Gaelic, Norwegian, and French. E.g., Gaelic borrowings include: cairn – ‘a pile of stones that marks the top of a mountain or some other special place’ –sporran – ‘a small furry bag that hangs in front of a man’s kilt as part of traditional Scottish dress’

Слайд 12 Many words which have the same form, but

Many words which have the same form, but different meanings in

different meanings in Scottish English and British English, e.g.

the word gate in Scottish English means ‘road’;
Some Scottish words and expressions are used and understood across virtually the whole country, e.g. dinnae (don’t), wee (‘small’), kirk (‘church’), lassie (‘girl’).

Слайд 13 2.2. Irish English
subsumes all the Englishes of the

2.2. Irish Englishsubsumes all the Englishes of the Ireland. The two

Ireland. The two main politico-linguistic divisions are Southern and

Northern, within and across which further varieties are Anglo-Irish, Hiberno-English, Ulster Scots, and the usage of the two capitals, Dublin and Belfast.

Слайд 14 The Irish English vocabulary is characterized by:
the

The Irish English vocabulary is characterized by: the presence of words

presence of words with the same form as in

British English but different meanings in Irish English, e.g. backward – ‘shy’; to doubt – ‘to believe strongly’; bold – ‘naughty’;

Слайд 15 the use of most regionally marked words by

the use of most regionally marked words by older, often rural

older, often rural people, e.g. biddable ‘obedient’; feasant –

‘affable’;
the presence of nouns taken from Irish which often relate either to food or the supernatural, e.g. banshee – ‘fairy woman’ from bean sidhe;

Слайд 16 the Gaelic influence on meanings of some words,

the Gaelic influence on meanings of some words, e.g. to destroy

e.g. to destroy and drenched. These words have the

semantic ranges of their Gaelic equivalents mill ‘to injure, spoil’ and báite ‘drenched, drowned, very wet’;
the presence of words typical only of Irish English (the so-called Irishisms), e.g. begorrah – ‘by God’;

Слайд 17 the layer of words shared with Scottish English,

the layer of words shared with Scottish English, e.g. ava –

e.g. ava – ‘at all’; greet – ‘cry, weep’;

brae – ‘hill, steep slope’.
Besides distinctive features in lexis Irish English has grammatical, phonetical and spelling peculiarities of its own, e.g. the use of ‘does be/ do be’ construction in the following phrase: ‘They do be talking on their mobiles a lot’.

Слайд 18 3. Variants of English outside the British Isles
American

3. Variants of English outside the British IslesAmerican English is the

English is the variety of the English language spoken

in the USA. The vocabulary used by American speakers has distinctive features, they are called Americanisms.

Слайд 19 a) Historical Americanisms:
fall – ‘autumn’;
to guess

a) Historical Americanisms: fall – ‘autumn’; to guess – ‘to think’;

– ‘to think’;
sick – ‘ill, unwell’.
In American

usage these words still retain their old meanings whereas in British English their meanings have changed or fell out of use.

Слайд 20 b) Proper Americanisms
were not discovered in British

b) Proper Americanisms were not discovered in British vocabulary: redbud –

vocabulary: redbud – ‘an American tree having small budlike

pink flowers’;
blue-grass – ‘a sort of grass peculiar to North America’.

Слайд 21 c) Specifically American borrowings
reflect the historical contacts

c) Specifically American borrowings reflect the historical contacts of the Americans

of the Americans with other nations on the American

continent: ranch, sombrero (Spanish borrowings), toboggan, caribou (Indian borrowings).

Слайд 22 d) American shortenings:
dorm – dormitory;
mo –

d) American shortenings: dorm – dormitory; mo – moment; cert –

moment;
cert – certainly.

the layer of words shared

with Scottish English, e.g. ava – ‘at all’; greet – ‘cry, weep’; brae – ‘hill, steep slope’.

Слайд 23 2. Canadian English
is the variety of the

2. Canadian English is the variety of the English language used

English language used in Canada and close to American

English. Specifically Canadian words are called Canadianisms, e.g.
parkade – ‘parking garage’;
chesterfield – ‘a sofa, couch’;
to fathom out – ‘to explain’,
to table a document – ‘to present it’, whereas in American English it means ‘to withdraw it from consideration’.

Слайд 24 3. Australian English
is similar to British English,

3. Australian English is similar to British English, but also borrows

but also borrows from American English, e.g. truck is

used instead of lorry. It is most similar to New Zealand English.
Uniquely Australian terms:
outback – remote regional areas;
walkabout – a long journey of certain length;
bush – native forested areas.

Слайд 25 Australian English has a unique set of diminutives

Australian English has a unique set of diminutives formed by adding

formed by adding –o or –ie to the ends

of words: arvo (afternoon), servo (service station), barbie (barbecue), bikkie (biscuit).
A very common feature of traditional Australian English is rhyming slang based on Cockney rhyming slang and imported by migrants from London in the 19th century.

Слайд 26 4. New Zealand English
is the variety of

4. New Zealand English is the variety of the English language

the English language spoken in New Zealand and close

to Australian English, e.g. bach – ‘a small holiday home, often with only one or two rooms and of simple construction’; footpath – ‘pavement’; togs – ‘swimming costume’.

Слайд 27 Many local words in New Zealand English were

Many local words in New Zealand English were borrowed from the

borrowed from the Maori population to describe the local

flora, fauna, and the natural environment, e.g.
the names of birds (kiwi, tui );
the names of fish (shellfish, hoki);
the names of native trees (kauri, rimu) and many others.

Слайд 28 5. South African English
is the variety of

5. South African English is the variety of the English language

the English language used in South Africa and surrounding

counties (Namibia, Zimbabwe). It is a mother tongue only for 40 % of the white inhabitants and a tiny minority of black inhabitants of the region. South African English bears some resemblance in pronunciation to a mix of Australian and British English.

Слайд 29 In South African English there are words that

In South African English there are words that do not exist

do not exist in British and American English, usually

derived from Africaans or African languages, e.g.
bra, bru – ‘male friend’,
dorp – ‘a small rural town or village’,
sat – ‘dead, passed away’.
In South African English
boy – ‘a black man’ (derogative),
township – ‘urban area for black, Coloured or Indian South Africans under apartheid’,
book of life – ‘national identity document’.

Слайд 30 6. Indian English
is the variety of the

6. Indian English is the variety of the English language spoken

English language spoken widely in India. The language that

Indians are taught in schools is essentially British English and in particular, spellings follow British conventions. Many phrases that the British may consider antique are still popular in India. Indian English mixes in various words from Indian languages, e.g. bandh or hartal for strikes.

Слайд 31 Words used only in Indian English are:
crore –

Words used only in Indian English are:crore – ‘ten millions’; scheduled

‘ten millions’;
scheduled tribe – ‘a socially/economically backward Indian

tribe, given special privileges by the government’,
mohalla – ‘an area of a town or village, a community’.

Слайд 32 There some phonetic peculiarities of Indian English, for

There some phonetic peculiarities of Indian English, for example, rhotic [r]

example, rhotic [r] is pronounced in all positions, the

distinction between [v] and [w] is generally neutralized to [w], in such words as old and low the vowel is generally [ɔ], etc.
There is a great variety in syntax: one used rather than the indefinite article, for example, He gave me one book, yes and no as question tags: He is coming, yes? Present Perfect rather than Past Simple:
I have bought the book yesterday, etc.

Слайд 33 4. Some Peculiarities of British English and American

4. Some Peculiarities of British English and American EnglishThe American variant

English
The American variant of the English language differs from

British English in pronunciation, some minor features of grammar, spelling standards and vocabulary.
1) The American spelling is in some respects simpler than its British counterpart, in other respects just different. Some of the spelling differences are shown in the table.

Слайд 34

Слайд 35 2) Lexical differences:
Cases where different words are

2) Lexical differences: Cases where different words are used for the

used for the same denotatum sweets (Br) – candy

(Am); reception clerk (br) – desk clerk (am);
Cases where some words are used in both variants but are much commoner in one of them: shop (br) – store (am);

Слайд 36 Cases where one (or more) lexico-semantic variant(s) is

Cases where one (or more) lexico-semantic variant(s) is (are) specific to

(are) specific to either British or American English. Both

variants of English have the word faculty. But only in Am. E. it denotes ‘all the teachers and other professional workers of a university or college’. In Br.E. it means teaching staff.
Cases where the same words have different semantic structure in Br. And Am. E.: homely in Br.E. means ‘home-loving’ in Am.E. “unattractive in appearance’.

Слайд 37 Cases where there are no equivalent words in

Cases where there are no equivalent words in one of the

one of the variants, e.g. drive-in is used only

in Am.E. denoting ‘a cinema or restaurant that one can visit without leaving one’s car’.
Cases where the convocational aspect of meaning comes to the fore. The word politician in Br.E. means ‘a person who is professionally involved in politics’, whereas in Am.E. the word is derogatory as it means ‘a person who acts in a manipulative way, typically to gain advancement within an organization’.

Слайд 38 3) Derivational and morphological peculiarities:
Such affixes as –ee,

3) Derivational and morphological peculiarities: Such affixes as –ee, -ster, -super are

-ster, -super are more frequent in Am.E.:
draftee –

‘a young man about to be enlisted”,
roadster – ‘motor-car for long journeys by road’,
super-market – ‘a very large shop that sells food and other products for the home’.

Слайд 39 Am.E. sometimes favours words that are morphologically more

Am.E. sometimes favours words that are morphologically more complex: transportation –

complex: transportation – transport (br). In some cases the

formation of words by means of affixes is more preferable in Am.E. while the in Br.E. the form is back-formation: burglarize (Am) – burgle (from burglar) (Br).