Презентация на тему Basic translation devices

translation
Expansion and Contraction: recycling information
Generalizing and Particularizing
Compensation
Restructing
Iconic Linkage
Pure syntactic

devices

information
Generalizing and Particularizing
Compensation
Restructing
Iconic Linkage
Pure syntactic devices: partitioning and integration

oblique translation

% - journalistic texts, 39,6 % - technical texts
It

involves producing a TT which reflects the content and features of the ST as closely as possible and only deviating from this where necessary in order to produce a TT which is grammatically correct and intelligible.
Can be: word-by-word, group-by-group, clause-by-clause
No any: additions, omissions, paraphrasing and etc.

item into the TT without any form of modification

except for transliteration.
Reasons:
no existing word or concept in the TL
Deliberate usage to create particular effect
Examples: Internet, email, pixel, Upstream, Downstream, looping, bypass.

the individual constituent parts of an SL word or

phrase to create a new term, or neologism, in the TL.
Examples: skyscraper, semi-conductor
Note: introducing new words without good reason is inadvisable, particularly where there are perfectly acceptable alternatives in the TL.

pragmatic and lexical differences between the SL and TL

are too significant to allow direct translation.

Straightforward replacement is no longer useful because of the stylistic or linguistic features of the source text

the original whilst using completely different wording.
It is used

when translating more directly would result in a translation which
loses meaning or impact
the idiomaticity or flow (set phrases)
Examples: Danger! -Risk of Death - Опасность
Wet Paint -Freshly Painted – Окрашено!

class or type of word in the ST with

another type of word in the TT without changing the meaning. It is any change in the target text at the morphological, lexical and syntactic levels.
Required because of differences in the way information is expressed in the SL and the TL to avoid awkward or unintelligible translation.

"The regulation of the heating system is carried out

by the main computer" vs. "The main computer regulates the heating system"
• Passive to active: "The new standard was approved by all member states" vs. "All member states approved the new standard".
• Passive to imperative: safety mechanism is engaged prior to performing maintenance work" vs. "Engage the safety mechanism before carrying out maintenance work".

changing the form of information by presenting it from

a different point of view.
Some modulations are compulsory (or fixed), while others (known as free or optional modulations) are not.
Modulations might involve changing a sentence from a positive to a negative

"Leave the refrigeration
turned on at all times". "

• "Easy to use" vs. "Not difficult".
• "Protects against most viruses" vs. "Only allows a few viruses through"
• "This X-ray machine does not damage photographic films" vs. "Photographic films can be scanned by this X-ray machine without being damaged".
other modulations involve a concept “part for whole” or “whole for part”

as it may involve a significant amount of deviation

from the ST.
Key procedures - cultural substitution, paraphrasing and omission (final stage – transcreation – extremely free form of translation)
It is used when the ST describes a situation or concept which does not exist in the TL culture or which does not have the same connotations or relevance to members of the TL audience

the ST explicit:
- Adding explanatory phrases to clarify terms;
Adding

connectors to improve cohesion of TT
# Workers of all industries / ……….
# Gun license / ………

Contraction

Making something less detailed in the TT
Reasons:
Adapt the TT to the perceived expectations

# The proposal was rejected and repudiated /…..

a text and using or reusing it somewhere else

in the text
# Maintenance guide:
Usually modular in design (system integration, equipment maintenance features, safety measures, entering specification information…..faulty component replacement)
NOTE: recycling does not involve introducing new information into a text

detailed when it is transferred to the TT
Forms: 1)

omitting information 2) replacing a specific word with a word which has a less specific meaning
Reasons: 1) no similar specialized or specific word 2) translating a specialized text for a general audience

Particularizing/specification

using more specific term to the one contained in the ST
Reasons: 1) generic term used in the ST is simply too broad in the TL 2) generic term have connotations which are undesirable in the TT
Challenge: to ensure the understanding of the subject matter of the text sufficiently

contributing to corrosion under conventional insulation….. / …
It is

urgent to discuss the issues concerning waste utilization…/…

text features in the target text by introducing other

features elsewhere in the translation which are not necessarily present in the source text.
# translation of humorous text or film
In scientific or technical texts - redistribution information and textual features throughout the text - to balance out the information load or make the style more consistent

textual feature in the ST with another type of

feature in the TT (infinitive forms – to imperative forms);
Compensation in place is used to make up for the loss of a particular feature or effect at a particular point in the ST by recreating it elsewhere in the TT;

the ST contains a word for which there is

no corresponding TL word which conveys the same range of meanings (# fastener = bolts, screws, clips, clamps and pins)
4) Compensation by merging allows us to condense features or information presented in the ST and to present it in a shorter phrase or even in a single word

readers in a text or even in individual sections,

paragraphs or sentences can play an important role in the success of a translation.
#Table of content

is expressed in the same way can improve the

usability of translations:
Technical text: grammatical parallel constructions
Scientific texts: one and the same terms
Reasons: it improves clarity, aids learning and comprehension, and looks more consistent and professional.

of a source sentence by two or more target

ones or converting a simple source sentence into a compound or complex target one
Inner partitioning Outer partitioning
(Verbal Complexes) (Sentence level)