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4. Introduction of alien species
The Signal crayfish has
been introduced into
vast areas of Europe and Asia, where
it has decimated
many native species. Source: C.Michael Hogan
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5. Disease and parasitism
The phenomena of disease and parasitism often
weaken organisms and interfere with metabolic function. As a result, faunal
species can suffer from the ability to find food, find and attract a mate, seek shelter, migrate, or engage in fertile outcome in the breeding process. The deficiencies in these basic functions may lead to premature deaths of considerable numbers of the population or in the reduced fecundity and birth rates. Correspondingly bacterial infections, viral introductions and infection by higher level parasites may be a contributory cause to species extinction.
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6. Cryptic habitats
Small geyser pool at Yellowstone NP,
USA
showing a cryptic habitat inhabited byextremophile
micro-organisms. Source: C. Michael