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Презентация на тему Web-technology networks at various levels

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Chapter GoalsExplain packet switchingDescribe the basic roles of various network protocolsExplain the role of a firewallCompare and contrast network hostnames and IP addressesExplain the domain name systemDescribe cloud computing and its benefits
Chapter GoalsDescribe the core issues related to computer networksList various types of Chapter GoalsExplain packet switchingDescribe the basic roles of various network protocolsExplain the NetworkingComputer network  A collection of computing devices connected in order to NetworkingNode (host) Any device on a networkData transfer rate (bandwidth)The speed with NetworkingComputer networks have opened up an entire frontier in the world of NetworkingProtocolA set of rules that defines how data is formatted and processed Types of NetworksLocal-area network (LAN)  A network that connects a relatively Types of NetworksEthernet The industry standard bus technology for local-area networks Types of NetworksWide-area network (WAN)  A network that connects local-area networks Types of Networks Types of NetworksInternetA wide area network that spans the planetSo, who owns the Internet? Internet ConnectionsWireless network A network in which devices communicate with other nodes Internet ConnectionsInternet backbone A set of high-speed networks that carry Internet traffic, Internet ConnectionsVarious technologies available to connect a home computer to the InternetPhone Internet ConnectionsBroadband A connection in which transfer speeds are faster than 768 Packet SwitchingPacketA unit of data sent across a network RouterA network device Packet SwitchingTake a message, break it into three packets, and simulate this process Open SystemsA logical progression...Proprietary system A system that uses technologies kept private Open SystemsOpen Systems Interconnection Reference ModelA seven-layer logical break down of network Network ProtocolsNetwork protocols are layered such that each one relies on the TCP/IPTransmission Control Protocol (TCP)Software that breaks messages into packets, hands them off TCP/IPUser Datagram Protocol (UDP)An alternative to TCP that is faster but less Traceroute in Action High-Level ProtocolsOther protocols build on TCP/IP protocol suiteSimple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) High-Level ProtocolsPortA numericdesignationthat corresponds to a particularhigh-levelprotocol MIME TypesMIME typeA standard for defining the format of files that are FirewallsFirewall A gateway machine and its software that protects a network by Firewalls Network AddressesHostname A name made up of words separated by dots that Network AddressesWhat is wrong with the IP4 strategy?How did smartphones contribute to the problem? Network AddressesIPv4 The last block was assigned in 2011IPv632 bits organized into Domain Name SystemHost numberThe part of the IP address that specifies a Domain Name SystemDomain name system (DNS) A distributed system for managing hostname Domain Name System Domain Name SystemOrganizations based in countries other than the United States use Domain Name SystemA very small, random selection of new TLDs that are available as of mid-2014 Who Controls the Internet?Control of IP addresses and domain namesInternet began as Cloud ComputingPublic clouds are accessible by any subscriberPrivate clouds are established for Ethical IssuesEffects of Social Networking	What are some examples of popular social networking Who am I?What two majorawards didI win? For what were theygiven? Do you know?What is SETI? What does it have to do with
Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 Chapter Goals
Explain packet switching
Describe the basic roles of

Chapter GoalsExplain packet switchingDescribe the basic roles of various network protocolsExplain

various network protocols
Explain the role of a firewall
Compare and

contrast network hostnames and IP addresses
Explain the domain name system
Describe cloud computing and its benefits


Слайд 3 Networking
Computer network
A collection of computing devices

NetworkingComputer network A collection of computing devices connected in order to

connected in order to communicate and share resources
Connections between

computing devices can be physical using wires or cables or wireless using radio waves or infrared signals

Can you name some of the devices in a computer network?


Слайд 4 Networking
Node (host)
Any device on a network
Data transfer

NetworkingNode (host) Any device on a networkData transfer rate (bandwidth)The speed

rate (bandwidth)
The speed with which data is moved from

one place to another on a network

Why is bandwidth so key?


Слайд 5 Networking
Computer networks have opened up an entire frontier

NetworkingComputer networks have opened up an entire frontier in the world

in the world of computing called the client/server model


Слайд 6 Networking
Protocol
A set of rules that defines how data

NetworkingProtocolA set of rules that defines how data is formatted and

is formatted and processed on a network
File server
A

computer dedicated to storing and managing files for network users
Web server
A computer dedicated to responding to requests for web pages
P2P model
A decentralized approach that shares resources and responsibilities among many “peer” computers

Слайд 7 Types of Networks
Local-area network (LAN)
A network

Types of NetworksLocal-area network (LAN) A network that connects a relatively

that connects a relatively small number of machines in

a relatively close geographical area
Ring topology connects all nodes in a closed loop on which messages travel in one direction
Star topology centers around one node to which all others are connected and through which all messages are sent
Bus topology nodes are connected to a single communication line that carries messages in both directions


Слайд 8 Types of Networks
Ethernet
The industry standard bus technology

Types of NetworksEthernet The industry standard bus technology for local-area networks

for local-area networks


Слайд 9 Types of Networks
Wide-area network (WAN)
A network

Types of NetworksWide-area network (WAN) A network that connects local-area networks

that connects local-area networks over a potentially large geographic

distance
Metropolitan-area network (MAN)
The communication infrastructures that have been developed in and around large cities
Gateway
One particular set up to handle all communication going between that LAN and other networks


Слайд 10 Types of Networks

Types of Networks

Слайд 11 Types of Networks
Internet
A wide area network that spans

Types of NetworksInternetA wide area network that spans the planetSo, who owns the Internet?

the planet
So, who owns the Internet?


Слайд 12 Internet Connections
Wireless network
A network in which devices

Internet ConnectionsWireless network A network in which devices communicate with other

communicate with other nodes through a wireless access point
Bluetooth
A

technology used for wireless communication over short distances

Слайд 13 Internet Connections
Internet backbone
A set of high-speed networks

Internet ConnectionsInternet backbone A set of high-speed networks that carry Internet

that carry Internet traffic, provided by companies such as

AT&T, Verizon, GTE, British Telecom, and IBM
Internet service provider (ISP)
An organization providing access to the Internet

Слайд 14 Internet Connections
Various technologies available to connect a home

Internet ConnectionsVarious technologies available to connect a home computer to the

computer to the Internet
Phone modem converts computer data into

an analog audio signal for transfer over a telephone line, and then a modem at the destination converts it back again into data
Digital subscriber line (DSL) uses regular copper phone lines to transfer digital data to and from the phone company’s central office
Cable modem uses the same line that your cable TV signals come in on to transfer the data back and forth

Слайд 15 Internet Connections
Broadband
A connection in which transfer speeds

Internet ConnectionsBroadband A connection in which transfer speeds are faster than

are faster than 768 kilobits per second
DSL connections and

cable modems are broadband connections
The speed for downloads (getting data from the Internet to your home computer) may not be the same as uploads (sending data from your home computer to the Internet)

Слайд 16 Packet Switching
Packet
A unit of data sent across a

Packet SwitchingPacketA unit of data sent across a network RouterA network

network
Router
A network device that directs a packet between

networks toward its final destination
Packet switching
Messages are divided into fixed-sized, numbered packets; packets are individually routed to their destination, then reassembled



Слайд 17 Packet Switching
Take a message, break it into three

Packet SwitchingTake a message, break it into three packets, and simulate this process

packets, and
simulate this process


Слайд 18 Open Systems
A logical progression...

Proprietary system
A system that

Open SystemsA logical progression...Proprietary system A system that uses technologies kept

uses technologies kept private by a particular commercial vendor
Interoperability


The ability of software and hardware on multiple machines and from multiple commercial vendors to communicate
Open systems
Systems based on a common model of network architecture and a suite of protocols used in its implementation

Слайд 19 Open Systems
Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model
A seven-layer logical

Open SystemsOpen Systems Interconnection Reference ModelA seven-layer logical break down of

break down of network interaction to facilitate communication standards
Each

layer deals with a particular aspect of network communication

Слайд 20 Network Protocols
Network protocols are layered such that each

Network ProtocolsNetwork protocols are layered such that each one relies on

one relies on the protocols that underlie it
Sometimes referred

to as a protocol stack

Слайд 21 TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Software that breaks messages into

TCP/IPTransmission Control Protocol (TCP)Software that breaks messages into packets, hands them

packets, hands them off to the IP software for

delivery, and then orders and reassembles the packets at their destination
Internet Protocol (IP)
Software that deals with the routing of packets through the maze of interconnected networks to their final destination

Слайд 22 TCP/IP
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
An alternative to TCP that

TCP/IPUser Datagram Protocol (UDP)An alternative to TCP that is faster but

is faster but less reliable
Ping
A program used to test

whether a particular network computer is active and reachable
Traceroute
A program that shows the route a packet takes across the Internet


Слайд 23 Traceroute in Action

Traceroute in Action

Слайд 24 High-Level Protocols
Other protocols build on TCP/IP protocol suite
Simple

High-Level ProtocolsOther protocols build on TCP/IP protocol suiteSimple Mail Transfer Protocol

Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) used to specify transfer of

electronic mail
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows a user to transfer files to and from another computer
Telnet used to log onto one computer from another
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http) allows exchange of Web documents

Which of these have you used?


Слайд 25 High-Level Protocols
Port
A numeric
designation
that
corresponds to
a particular
high-level
protocol

High-Level ProtocolsPortA numericdesignationthat corresponds to a particularhigh-levelprotocol

Слайд 26 MIME Types
MIME type
A standard for defining the format

MIME TypesMIME typeA standard for defining the format of files that

of files that are included as email attachments or

on websites

What does MIME stand for?
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension


Слайд 27 Firewalls
Firewall
A gateway machine and its software that

FirewallsFirewall A gateway machine and its software that protects a network

protects a network by filtering the traffic it allows
Access

control policy
A set of rules established by an organization that specifies what types of network communication are permitted and denied

Have your messages ever been
returned undelivered, blocked by a firewall?


Слайд 28 Firewalls

Firewalls

Слайд 29 Network Addresses
Hostname
A name made up of words

Network AddressesHostname A name made up of words separated by dots

separated by dots that uniquely identifies a computer on

the Internet
IP address
An address made up of four one-byte numeric values separated by dots that uniquely identifies a computer on the Internet

Is there a correspondence between the parts of a hostname and an IP address?


Слайд 30 Network Addresses


What is wrong with the IP4 strategy?
How

Network AddressesWhat is wrong with the IP4 strategy?How did smartphones contribute to the problem?

did smartphones contribute to the problem?


Слайд 31 Network Addresses


IPv4

The last block was assigned in

Network AddressesIPv4 The last block was assigned in 2011IPv632 bits organized

2011

IPv6

32 bits organized into 4 groups of 8

FE80:0000:0000:0000:0202:B3FF:FE1E:8329

They work

in parallel

Слайд 32 Domain Name System
Host number
The part of the IP

Domain Name SystemHost numberThe part of the IP address that specifies

address that specifies a particular host (machine) on the

network Yes, but what is it?
Domain name
The part of a hostname that specifies a specific organization or group
Top-level domain (TLD)
The last section of a domain name that specifies the type of organization or its country of origin


Слайд 33 Domain Name System
Domain name system (DNS)
A distributed

Domain Name SystemDomain name system (DNS) A distributed system for managing

system for managing hostname resolution
Domain name server
A computer that

attempts to translate a hostname into an IP address
Domain Squatting
Ransoming domain names

Should the tables containing hostname/IP mappings be sorted or unsorted? Why?


Слайд 34 Domain Name System

Domain Name System

Слайд 35 Domain Name System
Organizations based in countries other than

Domain Name SystemOrganizations based in countries other than the United States

the United States use a top-level domain that corresponds

to their two-letter country codes

Have you
emailed
someone
in another
country?


Слайд 36 Domain Name System
A very small, random selection of

Domain Name SystemA very small, random selection of new TLDs that are available as of mid-2014

new TLDs that are available as of mid-2014


Слайд 37 Who Controls the Internet?
Control of IP addresses and

Who Controls the Internet?Control of IP addresses and domain namesInternet began

domain names
Internet began as ARPANET, a project of the

US Dept. of Defense
Control subcontracted to ICANN in 1998
US gov’t to further reduce role as early as 2015
FCC proposal
Would allow ISPs to provide “premium” access to certain customers, perhaps by deliberately slowing down data transfer for others
Net neutrality - The principle that ISPs should deliver data to everyone equally, as fast as the technology allows




Слайд 38 Cloud Computing
Public clouds are accessible by any subscriber
Private

Cloud ComputingPublic clouds are accessible by any subscriberPrivate clouds are established

clouds are established for a specific group or organization
Community

clouds are shared among two or more organizations with the same needs
Hybrid clouds are some combination of the others

Слайд 39 Ethical Issues
Effects of Social Networking
What are some examples

Ethical IssuesEffects of Social Networking	What are some examples of popular social

of popular social networking sites?
Who uses social networking?
What are

the benefits and the disadvantages of using these social networking sites?
Do the benefits of social networking out weigh the potential costs?


Слайд 40 Who am I?
What two major
awards did
I win?
For

Who am I?What two majorawards didI win? For what were theygiven?

what
were they
given?


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